Horseshoe kidney is the most common fusion anomaly of the kidney. Its association with duplex collecting system is a rare entity. Incidence of infections, calculi and nephroblastoma increases in horseshoe kidney. Knowledge of these rare anomalies is imperative for proper diagnosis and treatment. We observed horseshoe kidney with bilateral duplex ureters in a 65-year-old male cadaver. Details of the anomaly, its embryological basis and significance are discussed in the article.
Background and objective: The dimensions of intervertebral foramen can be altered by various factors. The objective of the present study was to measure the dimensions of L1-S1 intervertebral foramen and compare them on both sides and in both sexes.Methodology: The present study was conducted on 10 human cadavers (100 intervertebral foramina), collected from the department of Anatomy, Mysore medical college and research institute, Mysore. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and Independent t-test were used appropriately.Results: It was observed that the foramen height was more than foramen length (antero-posterior length) at all levels. The foraminal height and length at the lower lumbar levels were significantly smaller than those at the upper levels. The difference observed in the morphometry of foramen on right and left side; and with respect to gender was statistically not significant.
Conclusions:The present study describes the normal parameters of intervertebral foramen.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.