BACKGROUNDThe aim of the study was to compare the efficacy and safety of intrathecal ropivacaine-fentanyl (RF) with bupivacaine-fentanyl (BF) for lower limb orthopaedic surgeries.
A BSTRACT Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Nd:YAG and Er:YAG lasers in removing the smear layer and to study the morphological and chemical alterations of the root surface using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Material and Methods: Fifty-five extracted upper incisor teeth were collected and 110 specimens of size 3 mm × 4 mm × 1 mm were prepared. For SEM evaluation, these samples were divided into six groups: A, B, and C. Group A comprised five samples that served as control. Groups B and C were further divided into five subgroups and each subgroup comprised five samples. All the specimens within the subgroups of B and C irradiated with 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mJ of Er:YAG laser and 211.66, 423.33, 635, 846.66, and 1058.33 J/cm 2 of Nd:YAG laser, respectively. The morphological changes of the laser-treated sites were observed qualitatively using an arbitrary scale under SEM. The data obtained were statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) multiple range test by Turkey’s honestly significant difference and Mann–Whitney U test. In chemical structural changes, Group D comprised five samples that served as nonirradiated control and Groups E and F were irradiated with the same aforementioned parameter and evaluated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Results: Er:YAG laser at 100 mJ effectively removed smear layer without any crater formation. The Nd:YAG laser removed the smear layer at the energy density of 211.66 J/cm 2 and 423.33J/cm 2 . The energy density of 1058.33 J/cm 2 showed visible charring and deep crater with increased area of melted and resolidified minerals in SEM. In the chemical changes, IR spectroscopy graph showed the reduction in peak intensity beyond 846.66 J/cm 2 of and new absorption band was noticed (2010cm –1 and 2017cm –1 ) at samples treated with 846.66 and 1058.33 J/cm 2 of Nd:YAG laser. Conclusion: Er:YAG laser at lower energy density effectively removed smear layer without production of toxic substance as compared with Nd:YAG laser. Thus, Er:YAG laser can be used as an effective root biomodification agent.
BACKGROUNDIn the triad of anaesthesia, reflex suppression and facilitation of tracheal intubation is achieved by administering neuromuscular blocking agents. An ideal muscle relaxant should have rapid onset, profound muscle relaxation and short duration of action, so that patient's own respiratory function can be restored should intubation prove to be impossible. Succinylcholine is a depolarising muscle relaxant with a rapid onset of action, but associated with multiple side effects. Therefore, need exists for a non-depolarising muscle relaxant with a rapid onset of action without significant side effects. Rocuronium bromide is a steroidal non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking agent shown to have rapid onset of action similar to succinylcholine. 1 This study was done to compare intubating conditions in 60 seconds by using three different doses of rocuronium for intubation in adults by assessing the onset and duration of neuromuscular blockade, intubating conditions and haemodynamic changes.
BACKGROUND Sialoliths often referred to as salivary calculi constitute 0.45% in regular clinical practice and mainly characterize the ducts of parotid and submandibular salivary glands. Sialolith is composed of both organic and mineral substances. However, only few studies exist on the characterization and distribution of the inorganic and organic matter in the sialolith. In our study, we aim at correlating the patient's serum characteristics to the inorganic materials in the sialolith in order to deduce an association between the two. METHODS 14 patients were included in study (11 males and 3 females). Only patients with sialoliths in submandibular gland proper were included and those with sialoliths in ducts were excluded. Radiological investigations and confirmation of provisional diagnosis was done followed by blood tests that were given in fasting state. Removal of submandibular gland along with sialolith was done under general anaesthesia through submandibular approach. The excised gland and sialolith were sent to lab for histopathological and mineral analysis respectively. The results of both serum values and mineral analysis of sialolith were compared statistically. RESULTS The mean age group of the entire study group was 52.5 ± 8.7 years. Submandibular gland sialoliths were found on the right side in 8 patients (57.14%). The mean dimensions of the submandibular gland sialolith measured from the CT scan was: superoinferiorly 19 ± 8.7 mm, antero-posteriorly 20.4 ± 8.1 mm, and medio-laterally 9.4 ± 4.7 mm. All the sialoliths that were included in study were more than 1.5 cm which is regarded as giant in size. The histopathological examination was suggestive of chronic sialadenitis in all cases. The average weight of all salivary stones was found to be 1107.9 ± 503.2 mg.
BACKGROUND Though lignocaine stands as a time-tested local anaesthetic, articaine is becoming increasingly popular in recent times. METHODS This is a prospective double blinded study between 2% lignocaine and 4% articaine both with 1,00,000 adrenaline, carried out on patients reporting for extraction of maxillary premolars for orthodontic reasons. The observations are statistically analysed. RESULTS 4% articaine is found to have statistically significant difference compared to lignocaine in terms of quicker onset of action and prolonged postoperative pain control. Though the difference exists in terms of depth of anaesthesia favouring articaine the result was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS 4% articaine is found to have superior anaesthetic properties when compared to 2% lignocaine.
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