In the lateral tongue, styloglossus and hyoglossus are very superficial. The inclusion criteria of hyoglossus and styloglossus in the T4a staging does not appear justified based upon their anatomical position.

No abstract

Bone destruction is a common feature of arthritis. Bone is resorbed by bone resorbing cells, termed osteoclasts. In medical research, quantification of the amount of bone resorbed areas is vital in understanding the resorptive capacity of the osteoclast under certain pathologic conditions, and its response to various treatments and pharmacological inhibitors. Validated image analysis algorithms and procedures, therefore, have become critical for elevating the quality of bone resorption assays results. As in all computational experimental methods in biology the pressure increases to make analysis transparent and reproducible. In this paper we present "OsteoPro" a novel software which has been designed specifically address those issues. "OsteoPro" is a "turnkey" application that functions with minimal human interaction, by making use of morphological operations and blob analysis to classify structures according to their hue, saturation and size. In these experiments we have cultured osteoclasts on dentine slices, and the amount of bone resorption was analysed with the "OsteoPro" software using the techniques described in this paper. Finally "OsteoPro" is compared and contrast with other generic image processing suites, and further enhancements of the procedures used are also discussed.

ABSTRACT. MRI plays a crucial but under utilized role in the surgical management of lingual squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Measurement of three-dimensional tumour volume (TV) has the potential to guide management of clinically negative cervical lymph nodes and address deficiencies in current TNM staging criteria. This work studied the value of MRI-measured TV as a predictor of 2 year disease-related survival (DRS) and disease-free survival (DFS), as well as occult cervical lymph node metastasis (OM) in lingual cancer. TV was determined by manually segmenting the tumour contour in each image slice and using the resulting pixel value to calculate the three-dimensional extent of disease. TV was also compared with the more established measure of tumour thickness (TT). Significant differences in DRS (x 2 (1) 5 7.7, Hazard ratio (HR) 5 7.3, p 5 0.005) and DFS (x 2 (1) 5 5.6, HR 5 4.3, p 5 0.02) at two years were found using a cut-off of 8 cm 3 . Similarly, a significant relationship between TV and occult cervical lymph node metastasis was discovered using a 3 cm 3 cut-off (OR 5 6.7, p 5 0.02, Fisher's Exact Test).