An attempt is made to enhance the rate of heat transfer in heat exchangers using Fe3O4 nanofluid. In this work an experimental analysis on twisted tape inserts with varying cutradius in Hair pin heat exchanger using Fe3O4 water based nanofluid is presented. Experimental data is generated at the mass flow rates of ranging from 0.05Kg/s to 0.25Kg/s and the Reynolds number ranging between 3000 to 25000.where as the flow rate of the hot fluid in the annulus is maintained constant (0.1Kg/s). The Heat transfer coefficient and corresponding friction factors required for performance analysis are determined for various particle volume concentrations of 0.01% and 0.03%. The Nusselt number of entire pipe for 0.03% concentrations of nanofluid with radius of cut, r=6 insert of H/D=3 is enhanced by 32.01% as compared water. The friction factor of entire pipe for 0.03% concentration of nanofluid with radius of cut, r=6 twisted tape insert of H/D=3 is enhanced by 1.21 times as compared to water. The results of the investigation shows an enhancement in the performance parameter of the heat exchanger namely heat transfer coefficient friction factor with an increase in volume concentration of the nanofluid.

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Double pipe heat exchangers, owing to their simplicity in construction and ease of maintenance, are being widely used in refineries, food processing units and pharma industries. However, they have a limitation that they can only operate at low heat loads. In order to make them suitable for higher loads, it is essentially required to enhance the rate of heat transfer. In this work, an attempt is made to this end using a combination of threaded rods and water-based aluminum oxide nanofluids. Experimental investigations were carried on a counter-flow double pipe return bend heat exchanger (DPHE) using water-aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanofluids with threaded rod inserts. The volume concentration of Al2O3 nanofluid added in water was 0.03% and 0.05%. The entire analysis was carried out under turbulent flow regime by varying the mass flow rates of cold water from 3 to 15 LPM in steps of 2 LPM, with the hot water flow rate being fixed at 6 LPM. The Reynolds number range considered was from 3000 to 30000. From the obtained results, it was found that the maximum enhancement in the Nusselt number and friction factor for 0.05% concentration of the nanofluid and threaded rod inserts respectively is 89.95% and 32.46% more than the plain tube. The maximum thermal performance factor was found to be 1.75 for the combination of 0.05% nanofluid and inserts.

Solar panels are used in wide range of applications like power generation, automobiles, electronic devices etc. They are trending devices which develop power from abundantly available solar energy. In spite of this advantage, they are affected by wind loads, which result in wind induced loading. Determining this is very essential because, the drag and lift forces applied on the solar panels due to the wind loads play a crucial role in the accomplishment of performance in the solar panels. In this work, an attempt was made to carry out a comparative analysis of the effect caused by the wind forces on different array sizes, altitudes, orientation of the solar panels at different wind speeds (5 m/s, 25 m/s) and at different inclination angles the wind (0°, 45°, 135° and 180°. The ultimate objective of this work was to analyze the effect caused by wind forces based on these combinations of the parameters. Different shapes of solar panels like rectangular and hexagonal shaped were analyzed for normal and optimized conditions. Moreover, wind load analysis was carried out for different altitudes like on the ground and on the roof top. The outcomes depict that the wind forces on front region of the conventional solar panels is higher when compared to the optimized solar panel.