This paper surveys the various developments in the usage of tea beverage industry-based wastes for adsorption and the generation of activated carbon while emphasizing the applied methodology, removal efficiencies, characteristics of the material and the production methods. From the review, it can be determined that the tea industry-based wastes offer a promising, low-cost and effective alternative adsorbent for the removal of various effluents from the water. The full review is about the usage of waste tea as an adsorbent has been done while considering two aspects. Firstly, initial emphasis was placed on reviewing the research work on the removal of various heavy metal ions and pollutants such as copper, chromium, lead, reactive dyes and phenols using tea leaves as an adsorbent. Secondly, research work on the various activation methods and conditions, and the usage of physical and chemical activating agents such as steam, carbon dioxide, phosphoric acid, zinc chloride and potassium salts for the activation of tea leave-based activated carbon have been reviewed and presented here.

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Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using aqueous extracts of seaweeds, Ulva lactuca, and Stoechospermum marginatum and their antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activity have been reported. The UV absorption peaks at 310 nm and 345 nm confirmed the formation of ZnO NPs using U.lactuca (Ul-ZnO) and S.marginatum (Sm-ZnO), respectively. The XRD patterns indicated the crystalline nature of ZnO NPs with hexagonal wurtzite structure. The transmission electron microscopic analysis revealed that the ZnO NPs contain spherical and round-shaped particles with a size range of 12-17 nm for Ul-ZnO and 6-11 nm for Sm-ZnO NPs. The antibacterial activity and antifungal activity of both the NPs (Sm-ZnO and Ul-ZnO) were comparable. The results of the cytotoxicity assay of Ul-ZnO and Sm-ZnO NPs revealed that Ul-ZnO NPs recorded the maximum mortality rate of 97.34 % with an IC 50 value of 91.18 μg/ml.

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