Epidemiological studies from different populations have reported significant association between different anthropometric indicators and hypertension in obese adults but few data are available for the non obese adults of this study population. This study assessed the association between adiposity measures and hypertension risk and analyzed various anthropometric indices (body mass index (BMI), waist-height ratio, waist-hip ratio, waist and hip circumferences) as predictors of hypertension among non obese adults of Samaru, a suburb of Zaria in Kaduna state, Nigeria. The study protocol was duly approved by the Ethical committee of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Shika, Zaria. This cross sectional study examined a total of 174 non obese adults, 35 to 70 years of age (male, 91; female, 83) who were randomly selected for the study. All subjects were normotensive, non obese and refrained from taking any medications known to influence energy regulation. Normal-weight BMI was defined as a range of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m 2 and overweight BMI ≤ 27 kg/m 2 was considered in the study. Descriptive statistics, partial correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to determine the relationship between anthropometric measurements and blood pressure parameters, after controlling for age. Results showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) relationships between the systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic blood pressure (BP) as well as mean arterial blood pressure (BP) and the indices of adiposity in male (waist circumference, BMI and waist-height ratio) than in female (waist-height ratio) group. Waist-height ratio was the most important and consistent index of adiposity that associated with the hypertensive risk in both male and female non obese adult groups, particularly with systolic BP. It then means that a decrease in intra-abdominal fat could reduce blood pressure and should be a target in the management of hypertension.
The impacts of parenting styles on adolescent’s antisocial behaviors have been established; but the emotional status of the parents and its relationship with the parenting style is yet to be exploited. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the parenting style and emotional maturity of parents. The sample consisted of two hundred and thirty two (232) participants that reside in the Kaduna metropolis of Kaduna state, Nigeria. Participants completed the validated subscale Parenting Styles and Emotional Maturity questionnaires. The scoring was done according to the scoring key in the respective manual of the questionnaire and the results were statistically analyzed and interpreted. The results indicated that there is a significant gender difference in the dimensions of emotional maturity and parenting styles. Females are more emotionally matured (t=2.480, p≤0.05*) and are more authoritative (t=2.344, p≤0.05*) and more involved (t=2.698, p≤0.01**) than male in parenting style practices. Also emotional maturity shows significant correlations with authoritarian (p≤0.000**), permissive (p≤0.000**) and uninvolved (p≤0.000**) not with authoritative style in this study. Certain personality and social differences have been suggested to explain why these differences may emerge. It is recommended that a well-designed counseling and rehabilitation programs be organized for couples and parents so as to help them gain the knowledge and emotional maturity necessary to support their parenting style. Presently, there’s paucity of studies exploring these gender based differences in emotional maturity and parenting style of both parents and the degree of similarities and differences when compared with single parents in Nigeria, and Kaduna state in particular, this is an important area that deserves further investigation.
Studies on Metabolic Syndrome (MS) have recently been narrowed down to fat over-accumulation but there is no consistency in the obesity requirements for any of the health risk scores and definitions, thus, the utility of anthropometric measures in cardiometabolic risks prediction among non-obese requires additional research. This cross sectional study assessed the relationships and predictabilities of visceral adiposity index (VAI) and Lipid accumulation product (LAP) for cardiometabolic risks among 174 non obese adults (91 males and 83 females) 35 - 70 years of age that was randomly selected for this study after their consent. Anthropometric evaluation included weight, height, hip and waist circumferences. BMI, Waist-height ratio and waist-hip ratio were calculated. Serum Triglyceride and High Density Lipoprotein measured in a 12 hour fasting condition (mmol/L) using standard laboratory techniques were recorded. The VAI and LAP scores were calculated using the gender-specific equations. Systolic blood pressure and Diastolic blood pressure were measured and MABP was calculated as: DBP + 1/3 Pulse Pressure (mm/Hg). The results showed significant correlations among LAP, VAI, WHTR, WHPR and BMI (p≤0.01). Multivariate correlations and regression analysis of measures of adiposity and MS features also showed that LAP had a greater impact on features of MS and superior to other adiposity measures in male and female (R2: 0.956; p≤0.01). In conclusion, this study shows that LAP is superior in predicting risks of lipid and visceral adipose over-accumulations than other measures of adiposity among non-obese adults. The use of LAP as an assessment tool for Risks of fat over-accumulations and its intervention among non-obese adults was suggested.
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