Football (soccer) is very popular among children. Little is known about risk factors for football injuries in children. The aim was to analyze potential injury risk factors in 7- to 12-year-old players. We collected prospective data in Switzerland and the Czech Republic over two seasons. Coaches reported exposure of players (in hours), absence, and injury data via an Internet-based registration system. We analyzed time-to-injury data with extended Cox models accounting for correlations on team- and intra-person levels. We analyzed injury risk in relation to age, sex, playing position, preferred foot, and regarding age-independent body height, body mass, and BMI. Further, we analyzed injury risk in relation to playing surface. In total, 6038 player seasons with 395 295 hours of football exposure were recorded and 417 injuries occurred. Injury risk increased by 46% (Hazard Ratio 1.46 [1.35; 1.58]; P < .001) per year of life. Left-footed players had a higher injury risk (Hazard Ratio 1.53 [1.07; 2.19]; P = .02) for training injuries compared to right-footed players. Injury risk was increased in age-adjusted taller players (higher percentile rank). Higher match-training ratios were associated with a lower risk of match injuries. Injury risk was increased on artificial turf (Rate Ratio 1.39 [1.12; 1.73]; P < .001) and lower during indoor sessions (Rate Ratio 0.68 [0.52; 0.88]; P < .001) compared to natural grass. Age is known as a risk factor in older players and was confirmed to be a risk factor in children's football. Playing surface and leg dominance have also been discussed previously as risk factors. Differences in injury risks in relation to sex should be investigated in the future.
We have found that although the female distal femur is relatively narrower (larger AP/ML aspect ratio) than the male in three of the four measured levels, there is no significant difference between genders at the level of the anterior edge of the anterior chamfer. It is at this level that it has been suggested that impingement between soft tissues and an overhanging prosthesis is most likely to be painful. Equally, there were no gender-related differences in the shape of the trochlea. These data therefore do not support the provision of narrow femoral components for TKA for women.
Surgical management of primary musculoskeletal tumors of the shoulder girdle is cognitively and technically demanding. Over the last decades, advances in the medical treatments, imaging and surgical techniques have fostered limb salvage surgery and reduced the need for amputation. Despite well-accepted general principles, an individualized approach is often necessary to accommodate tumor extension, anatomical challenges and patient characteristics. A combination of techniques is often required to achieve optimal oncologic and durable functional outcome. Goal of this article is to review approach and management of patients with locally advanced sarcomas of the shoulder girdle requiring major tumor surgery, to illustrate principles of surgical strategy, outcome and complications, and to provide useful guidelines for the treating physicians.
stupná literatura neodhaluje žádná pravidla, týkající se pohybu spojeného s vnitřní rotací femuru vůči tibii během konečné fáze extenze kolenního kloubu".Fick ( 14) považoval rotaci za nezbytnou, avšak Hallén a Lindahl (17) uvádějí, že longitudinální rotace může být ve fázi terminální extenze potlačena. Blankevoort (6) došel k závěru, že tento pohyb je dán funkcí svalů a pro terminální extenzi není nezbytný. Lafortune ve ÚVODVnitřní rotace femuru během extenze kolenního kloubu byla sledována po dobu téměř 150 let (8,9,10,32). Rané studie byly shrnuty Fickem ( 14) a historicky zhodnoceny Pinskerovou a Freemanem (38). Od počátku panovala nejistota týkající se dílčích částí tohoto pohybu, zejména průběhu terminální extenze (mezi 20° flexí a hyperextenzí, v tomto textu označované jako "-5°"). V roce 1974 Shaw a Murray (42) poznamenali, že "do-
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