For decades, silicon has been the material of choice for mass fabrication of electronics. This is in contrast to photonics, where passive optical components in silicon have only recently been realized. The slow progress within silicon optoelectronics, where electronic and optical functionalities can be integrated into monolithic components based on the versatile silicon platform, is due to the limited active optical properties of silicon. Recently, however, a continuous-wave Raman silicon laser was demonstrated; if an effective modulator could also be realized in silicon, data processing and transmission could potentially be performed by all-silicon electronic and optical components. Here we have discovered that a significant linear electro-optic effect is induced in silicon by breaking the crystal symmetry. The symmetry is broken by depositing a straining layer on top of a silicon waveguide, and the induced nonlinear coefficient, chi(2) approximately 15 pm V(-1), makes it possible to realize a silicon electro-optic modulator. The strain-induced linear electro-optic effect may be used to remove a bottleneck in modern computers by replacing the electronic bus with a much faster optical alternative.
Serum total ADPN levels decrease through puberty in males. Also, a reduced HMW ratio is seen in males at the onset of puberty. We speculate that the suppression of HMW ADPN may be caused by testosterone.
Functional devices can be directly assembled using microgrippers with an in situ electron
microscope. Two simple and compact silicon microgripper designs are investigated here.
These are operated by electrothermal actuation, and are used to transfer a catalytically
grown multi-walled carbon nanofibre from a fixed position on a substrate to the tip of an
atomic force microscope cantilever, inside a scanning electron microscope. Scanning
of high aspect ratio trenches using the nanofibre supertip shows a significantly
better performance than that with standard pyramidal silicon tips. Based on
manipulation experiments as well as a simple analysis, we show that shear pulling (lateral
movement of the gripper) is far more effective than tensile pulling (vertical movement
of gripper) for the mechanical removal of carbon nanotubes from a substrate.
Type 1 diabetes per se is associated with higher adiponectin levels than healthy subjects. This increase is mainly explained by an elevation in the HMW subform. The elevation is unaffected by gender and diabetic kidney disease.
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