With an aim to evaluate the protective potentiality of rBm86 against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI)-I line and Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum IVRI-II line infestations on crossbred (Bos indicus × Bos taurus) calves, 20 animals of 3 months of age were randomly divided in to four equal groups and maintained in tick-proof conditions. Animals of groups 1 and 2 were immunized with 2 ml of rBm86 (100 μg)-based vaccine (procured from Revetmex S.A. de C.V, Mexico City, Mexico) thrice at 30 days interval. Animals of groups 3 and 4 were kept as negative control and inoculated with PBS only. Each animal of group 1 and 3 was challenged with 7-day-old 50 unfed adults of H. anatolicum anatolicum (1:1, male and female), and each animal of groups 2 and 4 was challenged with 6-8-day-old R. (B.) microplus larvae obtained from 50 mg of eggs, on 17th day of the last immunization. The efficacy of rBm86 against tick infestations was determined as percentage reduction in number of adults dropped (DT%), engorged body weight (DR%), egg masses (DO%), and immunogen efficacy (E%). The calculated data were 11.8, 10.8, 15.0, and 25.1 %, respectively, for DT, DR, DO, and E% against H. anatolicum anatolicum infestation, while in the case of R. (B.) microplus infestation, the corresponding data were 6.4, 11.24, 40.7, and 44.5 %, respectively. The results indicated partial effectiveness of rBm86 antigen(s) in imparting protection against homologous and heterologous challenge infestations of Indian ticks. The results indicated identification of more effective antigen(s) for the development of vaccine against economically important tick species in India.

Anahtar KelimelerHipotiroidi; Hipertiroidi; Lipid Profili; Bastar'da Abstract Aim: Function of thyroid gland is regulating a wide array of metabolic activities which have direct impact on some parameters. The objective of this study was to see the effect of thyroid dysfunction on serum lipid profile parameters among the people of Bastar region. Material and Method: Blood samples were collected from 60 subjects. The blood was analyzed for the levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), tri-iodothyroinine (T3), tetra-iodothyronine (T4), free tri-iodothyronine (FT3), free tetraiodothyronine (FT4) by microplate immune enzymetric assay. Patients with thyroid dysfunction were categorized into hypothyroid and hyperthyroid with increased and decreased levels of TSH respectively. Levels of total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (Tg), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured, and compared between normal and patients with thyroid dysfunction. Results: Elevated levels of TC, Tg, LDL-C, VLDL-C, TC/HDL ratio, and significantly decreased HDL-C were observed in hypothyroid patients. Hyperthyroid patients revealed low HDL-C levels with no significant changes in TC, Tg, LDL-C, VLDL-C, and TC/HDL ratio. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed the significant difference among all the groups and Tukey's honest test revealed the significant difference in the mean values of the biochemical parameters in all groups at 0.05 level of significance. Discussion: As there is a controversy regarding effect of thyroid dysfunction on lipid profile, the present work was conducted on thyroid dysfunction tribal patients of Bastar, and compared with the normal subjects. The study concluded increased lipid profile in hypothyroid subjects and found no effect on the lipid profile of hyperthyroid subjects.

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BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune chronic inflammatory disorder. Uric acid is a by-product of purine metabolism, associated with diseases such as gouty arthritis, hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The association between serum uric acid concentrations and inflammation in patients with RA has been controversial. Some case reports suggest coexistence of gout and RA. Uric acid crystals can induce robust inflammation causing joint destruction and fibrosis. The purpose of this study was to estimate the serum uric acid levels in subjects with recently diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis and to correlate with disease activity. METHODS This cross-sectional study was done on 55 recently diagnosed RA subjects [American college of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria 2010] attending the rheumatology out-patient department (OPD) of a tertiary care institute in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. After clinical examination, evaluation of disease activity score (DAS), serum uric acid and rheumatoid factor (RF) were done. Data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS trial version 28). Descriptive and inferential analysis was done. Correlation between serum uric acid levels and DAS was the main outcome. RESULTS The mean age was 41.51 ± 11.7 years. 87.3 % were females. Majority (58.2 %) were aged between 31 to 50 years. The mean duration of symptoms was 4.78 months. The mean serum uric acid level was 4.99 ± 1.2 mg/dl with 95 % C.I. of 4.66 to 5.31. The mean DAS was 5.34 ± 0.96. 56 % had high disease activity while only 44 % had moderate disease activity. 44 % were RF positive. There was no significant difference in serum uric acid levels across groups based on RF positivity and DAS severity respectively. There was no statistically significant correlation serum uric acid levels and DAS (-0.024, P value = 0.861). CONCLUSIONS Mean serum uric acid levels were elevated in recently diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis. Serum uric acid levels have no association with DAS and RF positivity in rheumatoid arthritis. Further studies are needed to investigate the role of specific treatment of elevated uric acid levels in rheumatoid arthritis independent of rheumatoid arthritis treatment. KEYWORDS Rheumatoid Arthritis, Uric Acid, Rheumatoid Factor, Disease Activity Score (DAS), Correlation, Recently Diagnosed Rheumatoid Arthritis

Background and Aims Since 2014, all adult native kidney biopsies undertaken in Scotland have been recorded by the Scottish Renal Registry (SRR). We aimed to report current data on indications for kidney biopsy, and outcomes following biopsy including requirement for kidney replacement therapy (KRT) and mortality. Method All 9 adult nephrology centres covering a population of over 5 million people report complete data on all kidney biopsies undertaken to the SRR. This includes indication, age, gender and diagnosis. The SRR collects requirement for KRT and death. Death or KRT at 6 months, 1 year and 2 years from date of first native kidney biopsy in patients with IgAN, MGN or ATIN were recorded. Results 5095 native kidney biopsies undertaken in 4702 patients between 01/01/2014 and 31/12/2021 were included. This averages 117.1 biopsies per million population / year. 54.7% were male with mean age 57.2 (SD 17.2) years. 98.2% of kidney biopsies were deemed adequate for diagnosis. Data completeness is over 99%. The commonest indications for native kidney biopsy were acute kidney injury query cause (AKI - 30.0%), chronically reduced eGFR (CKD) (28.1%) and nephrotic syndrome (19.7%). Overall, the commonest diagnoses made were: IgA nephropathy (IgAN 13.1%), tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN 8.5%) and membranous nephropathy (MGN 7.2%). Table 1 shows diagnoses made by biopsy indication. Conclusion In a complete national dataset, AKI is the commonest indication for native kidney biopsy and most commonly leads to a diagnosis of ATIN. IgAN remains the commonest primary glomerulopathy diagnosed on kidney biopsy, with MGN being the most likely diagnosis in patients biopsied for indication of nephrotic syndrome. Kidney and patient survival varies at 2 years depending on diagnosis. Table 2 shows that at 2 years the cmortality rate (Fig. 1) is highest in patients with MGN (11.4%) and risk of KRT highest in patients with IgAN (10.2%).