We report on the realization of CdTe solar cell photocurrent enhancement using an n-type CdSe heterojunction partner sputtered on commercial SnO 2 /SnO 2 :F coated soda-lime glass substrates. With high-temperature close-space sublimation CdTe deposition followed by CdCl 2 activation, this thin-film stack allows for substantial interdiffusion at the CdSe/CdTe interface facilitating a CdSe x Te 1 −x alloy formation. The bowing effect causes a reduced optical bandgap of the alloyed absorber layer and, therefore, leads to current enhancement in the long-wavelength region and a decrease in open-circuit voltage (V O C ). To overcome the V O C loss and maintain a high short-circuit current (J S C ), the CdTe cell configuration has been modified using combined CdS:O/CdSe window layers. The new device structure has demonstrated enhanced collection from both short-and long-wavelength regions as well as a V O C improvement. With an optimized synthesis process, a small-area cell using CdS:O/CdSe window layer showed an efficiency of 15.2% with a V O C of 831 mV, a J S C of 26.3 mA/cm 2 , and a fill factor of 69.5%, measured under an AM1.5 illumination without antireflection coating. The results provide new directions for further improvement of CdTe-based solar cells.
This report describes the results of a key comparison of hydraulic high-pressure standards at 16 national metrology institutes (NMIs: NMIJ/AIST, NPLI, CSIR-NML, NIS, KRISS, SCL, SPRING, NMIA, VMI, NML-SIRIM, KIM-LIPI, NSCL, PTB, NIMT, CMS/ITRI and NIM) was carried out during the period October 2002 to July 2004 within the framework of the Asia-Pacific Metrology Programme (APMP) in order to determine their degrees of equivalence at pressures in the range 10 MPa to 100 MPa for gauge mode. The pilot institute was the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ)/AIST. All participating institutes generally used hydraulic pressure balances as their pressure standards. High-precision pressure transducers were used as transfer standards. The sensing element of the transducer was a precision quartz crystal resonator. To ensure the reliability of the transfer standard, two pressure transducers were used on a transfer standard unit. Three nominally identical transfer packages were circulated independently to reduce the time required for the measurements. During this comparison, the three transfer standards were calibrated simultaneously at the pilot institute 11 times in total. From the calibration results, the behaviours of the transfer standards during the comparison period were well characterized and it was presented that the capabilities of the transfer standards to achieve this key comparison were sufficient. The degrees of equivalence of each national measurement standard were expressed quantitatively by two terms, deviations from the key comparison reference values and pair-wise differences of their deviations. The degrees of equivalence in this comparison were also transferred to the corresponding CCM key comparison, CCM.M.P-K7. The hydraulic pressure standards in the range 10 MPa to 100 MPa for gauge mode of the 16 participating NMIs were found to be equivalent within their claimed uncertainties.Main text. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCM, according to the provisions of the Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA).
This report summarizes the results of a regional key comparison (APMP-IC-2-97) under the aegis of the Asia Pacific Metrology Program (APMP) for pressure measurements in gas media and in gauge mode from 0.4 MPa to 4.0 MPa. The transfer standard was a pressure-balance with a piston-cylinder assembly with nominal effective area 8.4 mm2 (V-407) and was supplied by the National Metrology Institute of Japan [NMIJ]. Ten standard laboratories from the APMP region with one specially invited laboratory from the EUROMET region, namely Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Germany, participated in this comparison. The comparison started in October 1998 and was completed in May 2001. The pilot laboratory prepared the calibration procedure [1] as per the guidelines of APMP and the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) [2–4]. Detailed instructions for performing this key comparison were provided in the calibration protocol [1] and the required data were described in: (1) Annex 3 – characteristics of the laboratory standards, (2) Annex 4 – the effective area (A′p′/mm2) (the prime indicates values based on measured quantities) at 23°C of the travelling standard as a function of nominal pressure (p′/MPa) (five cycles both increasing and decreasing pressures at ten pre-determined pressure points) and (3) Annex 5 – the average effective area at 23°C (A′p′/mm2) obtained for each pressure p′/MPa with all uncertainty statements. The pilot laboratory processed the information and the data provided by the participants for these three annexes, starting with the information about the standards as provided in Annex 3. Based on this information, the participating laboratories are classified into two categories: (I) laboratories that are maintaining primary standards, and (II) laboratories that are maintaining standards loosely classified as secondary standards with a clear traceability as per norm of the BIPM. It is observed that out of these eleven laboratories, six laboratories have primary standards [Category (I)], the remaining five laboratories are placed in Category (II).The obtained data were compiled and processed under the same program as per the Consultative Committee for Mass and Related Quantities (CCM)/BIPM guidelines. From the data of Category (I), we evaluated the APMP reference value as a function of p′/MPa. Then, we estimated the relative difference of the A′p′ values with reference to the APMP reference value for all participating laboratories and we observed that they agree well within their expanded uncertainties. We further estimated the effective area at null pressure and at 23°C (A′0/mm2) and the pressure distortion coefficient (λ′/MPa-1) of the transfer standard for all the participating laboratories. We then estimated the relative deviation of the A′0/mm2 from the reference value for all eleven laboratories and compared this with their estimated expanded uncertainties. The result is once again extremely encouraging and all these eleven laboratories ar...
Alloy partitioning during heat treatment in a lightweight precipitation hardened steel was investigated using transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography. The mechanical properties are discussed as a function of the effect of solution treatment temperature and aging time, giving rise to variations in chemical modulation. A wrought lightweight steel alloy with a nominal composition of Fe-30Mn-9Al-1Si-1C-0.5Mo (wt. %) was solution-treated between 1173–1273 K and aged at 773 K. Lower solution treatment temperatures retained a finer grain size and accelerated age hardening response that also produced an improved work hardening behavior with a tensile strength of −1460 MPa at 0.4 true strain. Atom probe tomography indicated these conditions also had reduced modulation in the Si and Al content due to the reduced aging time preventing silicon from diffusing out of the κ-carbide into the austenite. This work provides the framework for heat-treating lightweight, age hardenable steels with high strength and improved energy absorption.
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