Aerodynamics drag was considered for giving better efficiency for a car on the road. The development of drag on a vehicle body was studied. The main objective was to determine the maximum drag occurring on the car body drag of the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). The analysis was conducted on the car speed ranging between 40 km/h to 110 km/h using pressure points at various parts of the car. The car body was modelled in CAD using the mass and momentum equations discretized for an analysis. The technique to estimate the drag used was input of car body-drag (CFD) and exporting it to finite element analysis (FEA) to find the value of aerodynamics drag in terms of drag forces and drag coefficient. The values were validated with actual pressure reading from pressure probes on the car body. The result showed that contour and trajectories plots were also used to analyse the characteristics of streamlines flow or boundary layer occurred on the body of this model, especially for the forebody, upper body and rear body. The maximum rise of aerodynamics drag occurred between velocities of 80 km/h and 90 km/h which was about 5.04 % increase of drag coefficient. Further analysis is required with wind tunnels.
The objective of this paper is to investigate the properties of oil-based nanofluids and produce stable and biodegradable oil-based nanofluids by metal oxide nanoparticles. The cooking oil was used as a base for the nanofluid preparation. Titanium oxide was embedded as the nanoparticles, mixed with cooking oil volume concentration of nanofluids specimens, and labelled as 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, and 0.09. The study explained the analysis techniques applied to determine the enhancement of thermal properties of nanofluids. The thermal conductivity of nanofluids was studied by heat transfer rate and the overall heat transfer coefficient gained. The metal oxide nanomaterials were mixed with the oil-based fluids in order to prepare the specimens. This research focused on the usage of vegetable oil and titanium oxide nanoparticles mixture to form nanofluids. The results obtained indicated that the nanofluid gave better thermal conductivity than oil-based fluids. The results significantly increased the thermal properties limitation and improved the product reliability. The enhancement of heat transfer rate for 0.09% of nanofluid volume concentration was increased by 36.25%
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