Background: Perinatal asphyxia, neonatal asphyxia or birth asphyxia is the medical condition resulting from deprivation of oxygen to a new born infant that lasts long enough during the birth process to cause physical harm, usually to the brain. This study was performed to evaluate study population who were 6 to 8 years of age to determine whether the application of moderate hypothermia after perinatal asphyxia is associated with long term benefits.Methods: This study was a randomised, controlled trials which consisted of infants who were admitted with moderate and severe encephalopathy within 6 hours after birth after an acute perinatal event, with acidosis or resuscitation. Infants were assigned to undergo whole body hypothermia at 33ºC for 72 hours or to undergo usual care randomly.Results: All maternal baseline characteristics and Neonatal characteristics are non significant in both groups. APGAR score ≤5 is significant at 10mins in comparison. cerebral palsy were 18% and 25%, respectively, the rates of blindness were 1% and 4% the rates of hearing impairment (requiring aids) were 5.4% and 12.8%. There were no significant between-group differences in the level of disability among all survivors or in motor function among the 45 nondisabled children. Among children who had moderate or severe disability at 18 months, the corresponding rates at 6 to 7 years of age were 88% in the hypothermia group and 95% in the control group. All the children who had moderate-to-severe cerebral palsy at 18 months continued to be affected at 6 to 7 years in both groups. There was no significant between-group difference with respect to IQ scores that were measured on a continuous scale and other scores, with the exception of 1 of the 11 scores compared (attention and executive function, P=0.03). There were also no significant differences between groups in mean scores on the index of health care status derived from parental assessments or in parental scores for children’s strengths and difficulties and ADHD The mean difference in the academic achievement score favored the hypothermia group but was not significant.Conclusions: Moderate hypothermia after perinatal asphyxia resulted in improved neurocognitive outcomes in middle childhood.

No abstract

Background: Constipation in children is a common problem. A constipated child has infrequent bowel movements or hard, dry stools. This is a randomized controlled trial to find the relationship between probiotics and constipation in children. Methods: This study was a randomized, controlled blinded trial conducted in Department of Paediatric. This was done during a period of January 2014 to January 2016 conducted in 50 patients. The patients were divided into two groups randomly namely group A who received lactulose plus protexin daily and group B who received lactulose plus placebo alone. Results: Males were 15 (60%) and females were 10 (40%) in group A and in group B, males were 10 (40%) and females were 15 (60%). Faecal incontinence was in 13 (52%) in group A and in 10 (40%) in group B. Abdominal pain was in 16 (64%) in group A and was in 14 (56%) in group B. The stool frequency and consistency improved significantly. There was a significant improvement in fecal incontinence and abdominal pain in the Group A, and at the end of the fourth week, this difference was not significant and there was improvement significantly in weight gain. Side effects were not seen in the during the treatment. Conclusions: This study shows that there was a positive effect of probiotics on constipation in children.

Background: Bronchiolitis is one of the commonest causes of hospitalization of infants and young children in India. Parental smoking is an important risk factor for both susceptibility and severity of bronchiolitis. Paternal smoking alone causes a 1.3-fold (95% CI = 1.2-1.4) increase in risk. The aim of this study was to find out the role of parental smoking in severe bronchiolitis.Methods: This is a case control study conducted in the Department of Pediatrics from July 2013 to December 2015. Sixty-four patients admitted into the ward with severe bronchiolitis were enrolled as cases and sixty-four suitably matched apparently healthy children attending EPI centre and outpatient department presenting with non-respiratory illness were enrolled as controls. Every second case satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria was enrolled in the study.Results: The mean age of the patients was 8.53 (SD±4.75) months. Forty-two (65%) patients were male and twenty-two (34.3%) patients were female. Male-to-female ratio was 1.9:1. Most of the cases (62.5%) came from low socioeconomic background. More than half of the cases (53.13%) were not exclusively breastfed babies. Mean length of hospital stay was SD (5.41±2.82) days. Thirty-nine (60%) cases and twenty-three (35%) controls were exposed to parental smoking. Result was highly significant (p = 0.005). Odds ratio was 2.8 (95% CI from 1.36 to 5.68).Conclusion: Exposure to parental smoking causes a statistically significant (p = 0.005, odds ratio = 2.8) increase in the risk of developing severe bronchiolitis in the first year of life

No abstract