SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by a wet chemical method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) (rutile tetragonal), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (Sn–O, 657 cm−1) and micro Raman spectroscopy (Sn–O, 635 cm−1).
Economic load dispatch (ELD) is an important optimization task in power system. It is the process of allocating generation among the committed units such that the constraints imposed are satisfied and the energy requirements are minimized. There are three criteria in solving the economic load dispatch problem. They are minimizing the total generator operating cost, total emission cost and scheduling the generator units. Each of the above criteria is used with the following constraints such as power balance constraints, generator limit constraints, valve point coefficients and emission constraints. In this paper the Improved Tabu Search (ITS) solution to economic dispatch problem is very useful when addressing heavily constrained optimization problem in terms of solution accuracy. Results obtained from this technique clearly demonstrate that the algorithm is more efficient in terms of number of evolution to reach the global optimum point. The result also shows that the solution method is practical and valid for real time applications. In this paper an Improved Tabu Search (ITS) algorithm solves economic load dispatch (ELD) power system problem of three generator system, six generator system with emission constraints and thirteen generator system with valve point effect loading.. The Improved Tabu Search (ITS) algorithm was used to check the validity, quality of the solution and the results are tabulated. The validity and quality of the solution obtained using proposed Improved Tabu Search (ITS) based economic load dispatch method are checked and compared with
We report on synthesis and characterization of gallide cluster based Mo 8 Ga 41 superconductor. Transport and magnetization measurements confirm the superconducting transition temperature to be 9.8 K. The upper critical field (H c2 ), lower critical field (H c1 ), Ginzburg-Landau coherence length (ξ GL ) and penetration depth(λ) are estimated to be 11.8T, 150G, 5.2nm, 148nm respectively. The electronic band structure, density of states and phonon dispersion curve calculations are obtained by using Density Functional Theory. The core level X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) reveals the binding energy information of the constituting elements Mo and Ga in Mo 8 Ga 41 .The valence band spectra from XPS is in good agreement with calculated density of states (DOS). The zero field critical current density (J c ) at T = 2 K is ~ 3×10 5 A/cm 2 which is indicative of efficient flux pinning in the as grown compound. About two fold enhancement in critical current density with application of external pressure (1.1 GPa) is observed with marginal decrease in transition temperature. The fitting of current density to double exponential model confirms possibility of two gap superconductivity in Mo 8 Ga 41 .
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