Abstract:The excessive use of inorganic fertilizers causes serious environmental degradation, resulting in lower crop yields in Bangladesh. Seventy percent of Bangladesh farmers practice traditional fertilizer broadcasting. In the 1960s, the Bangladesh state authority launched a 'Grow More Food' campaign to feed the country's increasing population. Farmers were supplied with chemical fertilizers and pesticides at a subsidized price. Farmers increased the frequency of fertilizer applications to enhance yields. These practices are still used and have caused significant environmental degradation. In this study, we examined the effects of fertilizer broadcasting on excessive use of fertilizer and environmental risks. We collected data from 211 Bangladesh infield farmers in 2016. Respondents were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed by applying a binary logistic regression model to test the degree of effects between the testable variables. The study found that the effect of broadcasting on the excessive use of fertilizers is strongly significant, at 1%. It also found that younger farmers have a significant effect at 10% on the excessive use of fertilizers. Bangladesh policymakers can formulate policy on sustainable fertilizer management, introducing different placement methods on the basis of this finding. After that, the Directorate of Agricultural Extension (DAE) can carry out the policy at the field level.

This study estimates the factors affecting socially vulnerable groups’ demand for and accessibility levels to green public spaces in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Dhaka is a high-density city with one of the lowest levels of green space per capita in the world. Dhaka has just 8.5% of tree-covered lands, while an ideal city requires at least 20% of green space. Urban public green space provides a healthy environment to city dwellers as well as ecological soundness. This study aims to examine the effects of population density and size of a community area (Thana) on the social demand for and accessibility to green parks. To determine the socially vulnerable group demand index, this study used demographic data from the National Population and Housing Census 2011 conducted by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. This study used geographical data extracted from Google Earth Pro to measure accessibility levels, and additionally analyzed geographical data with ArcGIS 10.0 and Google Earth Pro. We drew radius circles using Free Map Tools to measure time-distance weighted scores from community areas to urban green spaces. The results show that the large population size of socially vulnerable groups creates very high demand at the score of 0.61 for urban green public parks and small-sized, high-density community areas generate very good accessibility at 2.01% to green public spaces. These findings are highly useful to policymakers, urban planners, landscape engineers, and city governments to make a compact city sustainable, inclusive, and resilient. Moreover, the notion of a “smart city” might be a smart solution in order to manage Dhaka Megacity sustainably in this modern technological age.

Article HistoryReceived: 17 July The paper focuses on globalization process and its impact on family structure and values. Globalization refers to an expedited process of uniformities, universalization and hybridization of materials and culture. It blends all types of socio-economic and cultural activities into a unique form. No society including a cultural structure can go forward without the touches of others in the interconnected and interdependent world. So, cultural conflict generates among all societal structures along with the diversity of global socio-cultural values. The study found some significant outcomes such as traditional extended families are breaking down into nuclear ones especially in the developing countries at recent times that were continued in the western societies for a long time. In addition, relations and value levels in the family environment are being worst leaving the marginal people (children and elderly persons) darkened. The paper aims to find out the bad impacts of globalization on family relations and behavioral values. Qualitative approach has been used herein to make the report fruitfully through the data collection process of content analysis that includes books, journal articles and media reports. Enjoyable material culture can also be taken forward along with bearing the family relations and values, wherein our roots and emotion generate to trigger us to sustainable living and that may be a social movement. Contribution/ Originality:The study is one of very few studies which have investigated family structure is rapidly changing through globalization -nuclear family gets popularity across the world breaking down the joint families-to some extents, family system is going to extinct. The paper"s primary contribution is finding out the decays of family values and behavior in which children and elderly members get vulnerability most as digital media plays a vital role towards family disharmony, break-up, divorce, abortion, and homosexuality.

This study aims to assess the association between Chinese out‐of‐pocket payments and government health spending, investigating their variation ratio in the context of OECD countries. Aggregated time‐series data of 37 countries (from China and official OECD members) were collected from the World Bank Open Data source and analyzed using the multiple linear regression models. Benchmarking approach was applied to evaluate the causes of healthcare expenditure rise per capita. The results showed that China's government health expenditure was positively associated with out‐of‐pocket payment rise, with a higher variation score of 42.70%. The association was statistically significant at 5%. Likewise, the association between government expenditure and out‐of‐pocket payment in the OECD countries was positively significant at 1%, and their variation score was 2.41%. Health financing in OECD countries showed higher stability and equity than that in China. Policy implications for China is to reduce the distributional disparity of government health funds by tax adjustments in health services, universal health coverage, the removal of social health insurance disparities, and a single health payment method.

Globalization is currently an important phenomena subjecting on economic activities, socio-cultural dimension, political aspect and so on. This paper is made mainly on cultural changes focusing the impact on moral issue and lifestyle in the Third World. The study finds the domination of Western culture on all lives that erode cultural heritage and moral values. There has been creating consumerism by which western lifestyles are on diffusion. The specific objective of the study is to analyze how globalization rapidly transforms the social values and living pattern in the traditional societies. There have been some negative aspects; but modernization process is positively functioning as well. This study is a descriptive type of work and is conducted in qualitative approach. Though in-depth observation tool is used as a primary source, most of the data is mainly collected from secondary sources (book, journal article, official records, and media report). The study findings would be helpful for the Third World people to be aware of cultural hybridization in the age of globalization. It is thought that some new ideas and information may be added into social sciences.