The hydrochemical study of groundwater in Karur district of the Amaravathi River basin has been carried out to assess the major ion chemistry and groundwater quality for domestic and drinking purposes. Twenty-four groundwater samples were collected, processed, and analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters such as pH; electrical conductivity; total dissolved solids; total hardness; cations such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium; anions such as bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate, fluoride, nitrate, and phosphate in the laboratory using the standard methods given by the American Public Health Association (Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 21st edn. American Public Health Association, Washington DC, 2005). For quality assessment, the results were compared with water quality standards prescribed by the Bureau of Indian standards (Indian standards specification for drinking water 15:10500. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2003) Concerning water for irrigation purposes, parameters such as percent sodium (% Na), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), chloro-alkaline indices (CAI I and CAI II), permeability index (PI), magnesium hazard (MH), Kelley's ratio (KR), USSL diagram, Gibbs' ratio (GR), and Wilcox diagram were calculated on the basis of chemical data to evaluate the current status of groundwater in the Amaravathi River basin. Parameters like MH (74 %), KR (75 %), RSC (95 %), and PI (69 %) in all three seasons indicate that the samples are suitable for irrigation and remaining are unsuitable. From USSL diagram, the result reveals that the samples fall in C3-S1 and C4-S1 indicate high to very high-salinity and lowsodium hazards. Wilcox diagram revealed out of 24 samples, sample no. 7, 8, and 11 in pre-monsoon, monsoon, and postmonsoon seasons fall under doubtful to unsuitable and 9 fall under unsuitable zone. The positive CAI values in 66 % samples in all three seasons indicate reverse ion exchange mechanism. The present study may be helpful for further studies concerning water quality issues in this area, where groundwater is a vital for drinking and other activities.
Abstract. This paper assesses the quality of water using different graphical and statistical methods like Durov, Schoeller, Piper -Tri linear diagram, Box and Whisker plot for three seasons in the study area Alathur block, Perambalur District. The graphical representation provides limitations compared with the multivariate method for large data sets. A total of 10 groundwater samples were collected from hand dug wells in this area and they were analyzed for various physical and chemical parameters. -, CO 3 -. Based on the analytical result, groundwater in the study area is generally hard to very hard, slightly alkaline to brackish in nature. This indicates that leaching of salts, rock weathering and evaporation are among the most dominant processes in controlling water quality. For industrial purposes, the quality of water was assessed by using the Langeliner saturation index (LSI) and Ryznar saturation index (RSI). Seasonal variations in different parameters were also determined.
The study of groundwater in Amaravathi River basin of Karur District resulted in large geochemical data set. A total of 24 water samples were collected and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters, and the abundance of cation and anion concentrations was in the following order:2-. 2-, and F -association is less than that of other parameters due to poor or less available of bearing minerals. PCA extracted six components, which are accountable for the data composition explaining 81% of the total variance of the data set and allowed to set the selected parameters according to regular features as well as to evaluate the frequency of each group on the overall variation in water quality. Cluster analysis results show that groundwater quality does not vary extensively as a function of seasons, but shows two main clusters.
The suitability of groundwater for irrigation uses was assessed in Alathur Block located in Perambalur District of the state of Tamil Nadu. Groundwater samples from ten villages were analyzed in two seasons for major cations, anions and other parameters such as electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, Kelly's ratio, sodium absorption ratio (SAR), magnesium ratio, % sodium, chloro-alkaline indices, residual sodium carbonate and permeability index to know the suitability of groundwater for irrigation purpose. Piper trilinear diagram interpretations were made to know the suitability of chemical type of the groundwater. It reveals that the subsurface water is alkaline (Na ? K) than the alkaline earth (Ca ? Mg) type. According to the SAR values plotted in the USSL Staff diagram, most of the groundwater samples belong to class high-salinity hazard and low-sodium hazard (C3-S1) and high-salinity hazard and medium-sodium hazard (C3-S2), which indicate that the groundwater of most stations require a special type of irrigation method.
Several textile and bleaching industries in the city of Karur, discharge their effluent and was mixed with municipal sewage let into the river Amaravathi at different discharge points. Concentration of trace elements (Cd, Pb, and Ni) exceeded their permissible limits (.003, .01, and .02 ppm, respectively) prescribed by the World Health Organization. C d (Degree of contamination) and HEI (Heavy metal evaluation index) values were calculated, C d value of 50% samples have <4 indicates low degree of contamination and for groundwater samples only one-third samples were observed in low pollution and the remaining samples fall in medium to high degree of pollution. HEI value indicates that the average value (12.510, 12.514, and 12.164) of both the samples were above the low pollution range. Good positive correlations observed for Mn, Ni, and Fe with r value from .522 to .913. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to analyze the data and to identify possible sources of these heavy metals. Three factors for surface water and two factors for groundwater were extracted, where the first three factors account for approximately 58.7% of the total variance of the data-set. The results of groundwater samples show that the factor 1 and 2 accounted for 74.508 and 71.261% of the total variance. The data thus obtained are a sign of anthropogenic and mineral source for these elements in river and groundwater. The spatial distribution map based on ordinary kriging showed that elevated concentrations of heavy metals were located in the upper and down streams of the Amaravathi River basin. The dominance of heavy metals in groundwater and surface water of the Amaravathi river followed the sequence as
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