An experimental and computational investigation of the primary breakup of nonturbulent and turbulent round liquid jets in gas crossflow is described. Pulsed shadowgraph and holograph observations of jet primary breakup regimes, conditions for the onset of breakup, properties of waves observed along the liquid surface, drop size and velocity properties resulting from breakup and conditions required for the breakup of the liquid column as a whole, were obtained for air crossflows at normal temperature and pressure. The test range included crossflow Weber numbers of 0-2000, liquid/gas momentum ratios of 100-8000, liquid/gas density ratios of 683-1021, Ohnesorge numbers of 0.003-0.12, jet Reynolds numbers of 300-300,000. The results suggest qualitative similarities between the primary breakup of nonturbulent round liquid jets in crossflows and the secondary breakup of drops subjected to shock wave disturbances with relatively little effect of the liquid/gas momentum ratio on breakup properties over the present test range. The breakup of turbulent liquid jets was influenced by a new dimensionless number in terms of liquid/gas momentum ratio and the jet Weber number. Effects of liquid viscosity were small for present observations where Ohnesorge numbers were less than 0.4. Phenomenological analyses were successful for helping to interpret and correlate the measurements.

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The properties of turbulence generated by uniform fluxes of polydisperse spherical particles moving through a uniform flowing gas were studied experimentally, emphasizing the properties of the turbulent interwake region surrounding the individual particle wake disturbances. Mean and fluctuating velocities, as well as probability density functions, energy spectra and integral and Taylor length scales of velocity fluctuations, were measured within a counterflow particle/air wind tunnel using particle wake discriminating laser velocimetry. Test conditions involved various binary mixtures of spherical gas particles having nominal diameters of 0.55, 1.1 and 2.2 mm and particle Reynolds numbers of 106, 373 and 990. When combined with earlier measurements limited to monodisperse spherical particles, the test conditions included mean particle spacings of 10-210 mm, particle volume fractions less than 0.003%, direct rates of dissipation of turbulence kinetic energy by particles less than 4%, and turbulence generation rates sufficient to yield streamwise and cross-stream relative turbulence intensities in the range 0.2-1.5%. The turbulent interwake region for these conditions has properties that correspond to the finaldecay period of grid-generated turbulence, involving homogeneous and nearly isotropic turbulence having probability density functions that were well approximated by Gaussian functions with turbulence Reynolds numbers of 0.4-3.5. Mixing rules were developed that successfully extended earlier results for the interwake turbulence properties of monodisperse particle phases to polydisperse particle phases, based on dissipation weighting of the properties of each particle size group. The flow in the final-decay period consisted of vortical regions that filled the turbulent interwake region but were sparse which resulted in several unusual features compared to conventional isotropic turbulence, as follows: enhanced rates of dissipation of turbulence kinetic energy, unusually large ratios of integral/Taylor length scales for small turbulence Reynolds numbers, and decreasing ratios of integral/Taylor length scales with increasing turbulence Reynolds numbers which is opposite to the behavior of conventional gridgenerated turbulence at large turbulence Reynolds numbers. The large range of scales where effects of viscosity were small in the final-decay region also yielded a Kolmogorov-like-5/3 power inertial decay region on dimensional grounds, very similar to the inertial decay region of conventional turbulence at large turbulence Reynolds numbers.