IntroductionMultiple myeloma is one of the most common haematological malignancies, occurring mainly in men over 60 years of age. Despite significant therapeutic progress and a twofold increase in overall survival, multiple myeloma is still an incurable disease. The reason for the relatively poor prognosis for multiple myeloma patients lies in the biology of this tumour, the progressive development of which is closely dependent on the bone marrow microenvironment. The conditions in the bone marrow, in particular, the presence of growth factors for multiple myeloma cells (including interleukin 6, insulin-like growth factor-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor) secreted by different cells, promote their survival and proliferation in the bone marrow niches. Migration and expansion of malignant plasma cells and their mobilisation to/from the peripheral blood, characteristic of myeloma progression, are mainly due to disruption of the stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXCR4 axis caused by numerous molecular extracellular factors. It has been shown that the formation of premetastatic niches in the bone marrow, which are indicative of progression, occurs even before the first metastatic cells, home to the bone marrow, and is
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