In the last ten years, insects have been widely recognized for food and feed. Many studies using insects (Black soldier fly, cricket and silkworm pupae) as feed to explore their nutritional value and apply it in some animal rations as an alternative source of protein and fat. Data showed that Black soldier fly (BSF) has high protein and fat, especially lauric acid which potential as an antibacterial pathogen. In vitro study showed that BSF extracted could phagocyte 99% of pathogen bacteria such as E coli and S aureus. Meanwhile, cricket has also high fat and protein, including glutamic acid for brain development, and mineral Fe has to support hemoglobin synthesis. Silkworm pupae contain 67.48% of unsaturated fatty acid with linoleic acid (omega 6) and linolenic acid (omega 3) which very good as a steroid hormone precursor. Application insects to substitute imported ingredients (Casein, fish, meat bone, and soybean meal) in poultry diets resulted in a good performance and the animal still healthy with low mortality. The BSF and cricket meal as part of milk replacer could produce ADG of pre-weaning goat/sheep around 100-120 g/h/d, meanwhile if those ingredients are used as part of creep feed, the daily gain of post-weaning goat/sheep could be more than 150 g/h/d. Application of silkworm meal as a substitute for the fish meal could improve egg quality and quantity of laying quail. It was concluded that insects have the potential to be used as a protein source in the poultry and pre-weaning small ruminant rations without any negative effect on the animal.
This study aims to evaluate the effect of flushing with different fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) from lemuru fish oil in the rations of local sheep on folliculogenesis. Sixteen ewes divided into 4 groups fed rations T0=basal ration; T1=flushing rations containing linoleic without enriched EPA and DHA; T2=flushing rations containing linoleic enriched with EPA and DHA, T3=flushing rations containing linoleic enriched with EPA and DHA with two times from maintenance requirement. Ratio forages and concentrates in the ration were 30%:70%. The parameter observed were body weight gain (BWG), body condition score (BCS), nutrient consumption, corpus luteum, diameter and amount of follicle, blood cholesterol, and blood glucose. The data obtained are analyzed by analysis of variance follow by Duncan Test. The results showed that the treatments did not significant effect to the dry matter consumption, protein, fiber, and total digestible nutrient, but significantly effect to fat consumptions (P<0.05). Flushing treatment for three weeks increased BCS from 0.75 to 0.87. There were significant effect to large follicles, the diameters of large follicle and corpus luteum. Plasma glucose and cholesterol concentrations during the flushing period have significantly different (P< 0.05) among all treatments.
This study aimed to analyze the hematological profiles of late pragnant sheep fed by flushing ration. This research used twelve multiparous lactating ewes of thin tale local sheep, with the average body weight of 29,75 ± 6,20 kg head-1 and placed in individual sheep pen. This research used a randomized block design (RBD) with 4x3 that was grouped based on body weight of ewes. The treatments consisted of R1 = treatment without flushing, R2 = flushing treatments before and after matting, R3 = flushing treatment same with R2 plus during in the middle of pregnancy, R4 = flushing treatment same with R3 plus during at the end of pregnancy. Ratio forages and concentrate in the ration were 30:70% based on dry matter basis. The observed variables were hematological profiles and nutrient intake. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and the significance of treatments was continued to have the analysis through Duncan test. The results showed that the treatments did not affect significantly to the hematological profiles nor the nutrients intake, except to the amount of white blood cell. The conclusion of this research was the different flushing management for the late pregnancy ewes did not give a significant effect on hematological profiles and nutrient consumption. Key words: flushing, hematology, local thin tale sheep ewes, mating
Background and Objective: There is very rare information regarding data of reproduction performance of small ruminant with different management flushing program in Asian countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the implementation of flushing diet program containing lemuru fish oil with time management difference, by evaluating the reproductive performance of local Garut ewes. Materials and Methods: Twenty of garut ewes (average body weight 30.06±6.20 kg) were used in this experiment using Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD), in four treatments with five animals of each treatment. The treatments were without flushing (F0 as control), flushing at the beginning of mating (F1 = 2 weeks pre-mating until 2 weeks just after-mating), two times flushing (F2 = F1 plus 4 weeks flushing during mid gestation) and three times flushing (F3 = F2 plus 2 weeks flushing at the end of gestation and 2 weeks after parturition). The ratio of flushing or basal concentrate to forage was 70:30. Basal concentrate was given during untreated. Nutrients consumption, body condition score (BCS), average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency ratio (FER) and reproduction parameters were evaluated. The data of sex ratio and birth type were expressed descriptively. Results: The results showed that the treatment had significant effect (p<0.05) on crude fat consumption, total digestible nutrients (TDN) and changes of BCS values, but had no effect on other nutrients consumptions. All treatments did not affect to total birth weight, the number of embryo, litter size, gestation period and sex ratio. The percentage of ewes pregnancy with the flushing treatment was 25% higher than the control. The flushing treatments were significantly effect on partus weight of ewes (p<0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that three times flushing program at early, middle and late of gestation could improve the nutritional status and reproductive performance of ewes, such as fat intake, partus weight, improved percentage of pregnancy and type of birth, but did not affect to total birth weight, litter size, pregnant period and sex ratio.
Abstract. This study aims to describe regional pattern of extreme rainfall based on maximum daily rainfall for period 1983 to 2012 in Java Island. Descriptive statistics analysis was performed to obtain centralization, variation and distribution of maximum precipitation data. Mean and median are utilized to measure central tendency data while Inter Quartile Range (IQR) and standard deviation are utilized to measure variation of data. In addition, skewness and kurtosis used to obtain shape the distribution of rainfall data. Cluster analysis using squared euclidean distance and ward method is applied to perform regional grouping. Result of this study show that mean (average) of maximum daily rainfall in Java Region during period 1983-2012 is around 80-181mm with median between 75-160mm and standard deviation between 17 to 82. Cluster analysis produces four clusters and show that western area of Java tent to have a higher annual maxima of daily rainfall than northern area, and have more variety of annual maximum value.
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