Abstract. Estimation of HER2 membranous expression is routinely used in breast and gastric cancers, as both a prognostic and a predictive factor. To date there is no evidence for similar application of HER2 expression in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. In CRC, HER2 is sometimes overexpressed in the cell membrane and very often in the cytoplasm. This study was conducted to determine possible correlations between both membranous and cytoplasmatic expression of HER2 in CRC cells and the outcome of the disease. The prognostic significance of combined staining intensity in the cell membrane and cytoplasm in the entire CRC cell was also investigated. HER2 expression in resectable colorectal adenocarcinoma cells was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in specimens taken from 202 patients. The percentage of cancer cells with membranous or cytoplasmatic reactions and the staining intensity of the reaction in the whole cell were recorded. A membranous reaction was present in 27% of cases, and cytoplasmatic reaction in 66% of cases. The total staining intensity in the entire cell was evaluated as moderate (2+) in 32% of cases and strong (3+) staining in 15%. There was no correlation found between either membranous or cytoplasmatic HER2 expression and survival. Furthermore combined staining intensity did not provide any prognostic information. We conclude that HER2 expression in CRC does not correlate with prognosis.
Abstract. Cancer cachexia (CC), a progressive loss of body mass, is associated with decreased energy production. Abnormally low levels of L-carnitine (LC) in skeletal muscle means that mitochondrial β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) does not occur efficiently in patients with CC. We assessed the influence of CC on LC distribution and the effects of parenteral lipid emulsions on plasma LC levels and urinary excretion. Fifty patients with CC were randomly assigned to total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with long-chain triglycerides (LCTs), or LCTs plus medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) as 50/50. Patients were further separated into those with body-mass index (BMI) ≤19 kg/m 2 and BMI >19 kg/m 2 . Plasma concentrations of total LC (TC) and free LC (FC) and their urinary excretion were measured, along with skeletal muscle LC levels. On average, plasma FC and TC were higher than reference values in all patients. Patients with BMI ≤19 kg/m 2 had lower plasma FC and TC than those with BMI >19 kg/m 2 . Skeletal muscle FC in the BMI ≤19 kg/m 2 group was lower than reference value, but within the normal range in others. LC and FC urinary excretion was higher than reference values. Plasma LC and its urinary excretion were higher in patients administered pure LCTs relative to those given MCTs/LCTs. A decrease in skeletal muscle LC in cancer patients with CC (BMI ≤19 kg/m 2 ) correlates with an increase in its plasma levels and increased renal excretion. A diet of MCTs/LCTs reduces LC release from muscle to plasma and urine more effectively than LCTs.
BACKGROUND Encapsulation of fish oil for use as oil powder for the human food industry offers new product design possibilities. The fat content of fish is unique in the amount of of long chain n‐3 fatty acid that it contains. It can be expected that developing innovative food products with significantly improved nutritional value can simultaneously affect their rheological and sensory qualities in different ways. The present study aimed to compared the influence of the addition of fish oil and microencapsulated fish oil on the mechanical, structural, and sensory properties of poultry sausages during 21‐day storage. RESULTS In comparison with other systems, sausages enriched with microencapsulated fish oil were characterized by a greater capacity to accumulate potential strain energy (G′) and by statistically significantly greater hardness measured in all the storage periods that were tested. The sausages enriched with microencapsulated fish oil were characterized by higher water activity than the other sausage variants. The analysis of cryo‐scanning electron microscopy (cryo‐SEM) images indicated the presence of a large evenly dispersed oil phase and microcapsules in the structure of the sausages. The sample with the addition of microcapsules was characterized by higher values on the smell and consistency parameters. CONCLUSION The better results in the sensory evaluation of the structural parameters of the sample with microcapsules were consistent with the results of instrumental assessments. The use of microencapsulated fish oil powder as an ingredient of chicken sausages therefore seems to be a promising concept. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Tumour vessel network formation, including blood and lymph vessels, is a major step involved in the process of carcinogenesis. The discovery of vascular growth factors has led to a better understanding of tumour biology, thus, creating new possibilities for cancer treatment that targets angiogenesis within tumour-associated stroma, including therapy for colon cancer patients. The present study evaluated the relationships between increased expression of lymphangiogenic factors (VEGF-C and VEGF-D) and vessel density in the tumour-surrounding stroma, patient survival and other standard prognostic factors. The expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D and vessel density were immunohistochemically assessed in 114 primary tumour specimens from colon adenocarcinoma patients after surgical resection between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2008. Concomittant overexpression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D was found in 51 (44.7%) colon tumours and low expression was observed in 63 (55.3%) cases. Mean vessel density was 52.87/field. A significant correlation was found between the expression of factors influencing lymph vessel growth and increased vessel density in the tumour-surrounding stroma (p=0.03). A relationship between lymphangiogenic factor overexpression and left-sided tumour location was also found (p=0.00002). Overexpression of these factors was likely to occur in well-differentiated tumours (p=0.003). No association between patient survival and the expression levels of lymphangiogenic factors was observed. The study results indicate that the overexpression of lymphangiogenic factors tends to be associated with tumours of favourable prognosis, i.e. well-differentiated and those localized in the left-side of the colon.
Aim In rectal cancer surgery, the problem about which of the mesenteric artery ligation variants (high or low) is more beneficial to the patient remains unsolved. Recent meta‐analyses suggest that the risk of surgical complications is similar for both ligation variants. The main objective was to compare the survival time in both groups with a minimum 48 months’ follow‐up. Secondary objectives were comparison of the number of harvested lymph nodes, the complication rate and other selected data related to the surgery. Method This was a randomized, single‐centre, unblinded clinical trial of adult patients (n = 130) with cT1‐3M0/ycT0‐3M0 rectal and rectosigmoid junction adenocarcinoma undergoing radical open surgery. The intervention level was inferior mesenteric artery ligation. Results The mean and median survival in the whole group was 45 months, while in the survivor group it was 83 and 82 months. The survival for 1–5 years, overall survival and disease‐free survival were similar in both groups. The cancer‐specific survival time was longer in the low inferior mesenteric artery ligation group (P = 0.005 for all and P = 0.02 for pTNM Stage III patients) There were no differences in the incidence of anastomotic leakage and overall morbidity. The median number of lymph nodes located at the root of the inferior mesenteric artery was 1; the mean was 1.7. They were not metastatic in any case. The median total number of harvested nodes was similar in both groups. Conclusions In radically treated adenocarcinoma of the rectum and the rectosigmoid junction, the level of inferior mesenteric artery ligation below the left colic artery branch provides similar treatment results to inferior mesenteric artery ligation just below its branching from the aorta in relation to overall and disease‐free survival, and the risk of complications. Low inferior mesenteric artery ligation results in better cancer‐specific survival. The risk of metastases at the mesenteric nodes is negligible.
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