Evaluation of the heart in terms of its silhouette size and shape and the morphometry of other thoracic organs cannot be ignored diagnostically in small animal practice when history and or results of general examination of a patient reveal clinical signs of cardiothoracic diseases. However, there is a paucity of published work on the radiologic appraisal of cardiac and thoracic dimensions in the Nigerian indigenous dog. The research aimed to establish new reference indices for improved diagnosis of cardiothoracic pathologies in the Nigerian indigenous dog. A total of 120 thoracic radiographs of thirty healthy Nigerian indigenous dogs, comprising right lateral, left lateral, dorsoventral and ventrodorsal projections, were obtained and evaluated. Biometric parameters were taken of each research radiographs, recorded, and used to generate cardiothoracic measurement indices for the Nigerian indigenous dog. In the dorsoventral versus ventrodorsal projections, ratios established and described as means plus or minus standard errors of means were as follows: cardiac width/cardiac length ratio 0.75±0.01/0.73±0.01; cardiac length/thoracic diameter 0.64±0.01/0.70±0.01; and heart width/costocostal distance ratio 0.58±0.01/0.60±0.01, respectively. The mean results obtained in the right lateral versus left lateral radiographs were: postcava-to-long axis ratio 0.14±0.00/0.15±0.00; cardiac axes ratio 0.75±0.01/0.81±0.01; cavocardiac ratio 0.19±0.01/0.19±0.01; aorticocardiac ratio 0.22±0.0/0.21±0.00; short axis/sternovertebral distance 0.63±0.01/0.63±0.01; and aortic diameter/long axis ratio 0.17±0.00/0.17±0.00, respectively. The cardiac axes ratio and aorticocardiac ratio showed a positive and significant (p≤0.05) relationship with the cardiac short axis in the lateral projections. The indices established in this study are reproducible and easy to use, allowing objective thoracic assessment. All the results are efficient and generated in the present investigation, probably, for the first time in veterinary radiology. The clinical relevance of this research is related to the management of cardiothoracic anomalies.
Reproducible and easily applied measurements for radiologic evaluation are needed in the day-to-day clinical practice for diagnosis and treatment or management of thoracic disorders in the Nigerian Indigenous Dog. The objective of this prospective cross-sectional study was to document measurement indices used for the evaluation of canine thoracic silhouette. Thirty healthy Nigerian Indigenous Dogs, 10 puppies and 20 adults of average body weight 8.19±2.45 kg and comprising equal number of both sexes. Ninety survey dorsoventral, right lateral and left lateral thoracic radiographs of the animals were obtained. The shape of the thoracic silhouette in each radiograph was objectively evaluated and adequately described. In the right and left lateral views, sternovertebral distance and sagittal vertebral diameter of the tenth vertebra were measured and recorded; while the dimension measured in the dorsoventral view was costocostal distance. In the lateral radiographs, mean values of vertebral indices (VI) for right/left lateral radiographs were 0.10±0.00/0.10±0.00, respectively. Results of normal thoracic silhouette determined in dorsoventral versus right lateral orthogonal radiographs were: frontosagittal index (FSI) 1.06±0.05 and Haller index (HI) 0.95±0.04. The clinical relevance of this investigation is that it provides measurement indices for the morphological evaluation of the thoracic silhouette in the Nigerian Indigenous Dog. These indices are reproducible, objective and easy to apply in small animal clinical practice.
Reproducible and easily applied methods of radiologic evaluation are needed in the day-to-day clinical practice for diagnosis and treatment (management) of tracheal disorders in animals. In the Nigerian Indigenous Dog, records of such measurements are either non-existent or invisible. The objective of this prospective cross-sectional study was to document measurement indices used for the evaluation of canine trachea. Thirty healthy Nigerian indigenous dogs of both sexes were used for the investigation. Plain right and left lateral thoracic radiographs of each research animal were obtained. The tracheal silhouette in each radiograph was objectively evaluated and adequately described. In the right and left lateral views, the sagittal diameter of the tenth vertebra, the thoracic inlet diameter, and the tracheal diameter were the parameters measured and recorded. Indices generated were the tracheothoracic ratio and tracheovertebral ratio. Results were described as means ± standard errors of means while differences between mean values were subjected to student’s t-test statistic using SPSS version 22 for windows. Statistical significance was established at P≤0.05. In the lateral radiographs, mean values of vertebral indices, tracheothoracic ratios, and tracheovertebral ratios for right/left lateral radiographs were 0.21±0.01/0.21±0.01, and 0.92±0.12/0.92±0.11, respectively. Using the right lateral and dorsoventral orthogonal views, the fronto-sagittal and Haller index's mean values were 1.05±0.04 and 0.95±0.04, respectively. The indices generated in the present study are considered adequate and recommended for morphological evaluation of the canine tracheal silhouette. The tracheovertebral ratio was established for the first time in the present research. The results of this work are reproducible, objective and easy to apply in small animal clinical practice.
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