ImportanceIn patients with severe aortic valve stenosis at intermediate surgical risk, transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) with a self-expanding supra-annular valve was noninferior to surgery for all-cause mortality or disabling stroke at 2 years. Comparisons of longer-term clinical and hemodynamic outcomes in these patients are limited.ObjectiveTo report prespecified secondary 5-year outcomes from the Symptomatic Aortic Stenosis in Intermediate Risk Subjects Who Need Aortic Valve Replacement (SURTAVI) randomized clinical trial.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsSURTAVI is a prospective randomized, unblinded clinical trial. Randomization was stratified by investigational site and need for revascularization determined by the local heart teams. Patients with severe aortic valve stenosis deemed to be at intermediate risk of 30-day surgical mortality were enrolled at 87 centers from June 19, 2012, to June 30, 2016, in Europe and North America. Analysis took place between August and October 2021.InterventionPatients were randomized to TAVR with a self-expanding, supra-annular transcatheter or a surgical bioprosthesis.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe prespecified secondary end points of death or disabling stroke and other adverse events and hemodynamic findings at 5 years. An independent clinical event committee adjudicated all serious adverse events and an independent echocardiographic core laboratory evaluated all echocardiograms at 5 years.ResultsA total of 1660 individuals underwent an attempted TAVR (n = 864) or surgical (n = 796) procedure. The mean (SD) age was 79.8 (6.2) years, 724 (43.6%) were female, and the mean (SD) Society of Thoracic Surgery Predicted Risk of Mortality score was 4.5% (1.6%). At 5 years, the rates of death or disabling stroke were similar (TAVR, 31.3% vs surgery, 30.8%; hazard ratio, 1.02 [95% CI, 0.85-1.22]; P = .85). Transprosthetic gradients remained lower (mean [SD], 8.6 [5.5] mm Hg vs 11.2 [6.0] mm Hg; P < .001) and aortic valve areas were higher (mean [SD], 2.2 [0.7] cm2 vs 1.8 [0.6] cm2; P < .001) with TAVR vs surgery. More patients had moderate/severe paravalvular leak with TAVR than surgery (11 [3.0%] vs 2 [0.7%]; risk difference, 2.37% [95% CI, 0.17%- 4.85%]; P = .05). New pacemaker implantation rates were higher for TAVR than surgery at 5 years (289 [39.1%] vs 94 [15.1%]; hazard ratio, 3.30 [95% CI, 2.61-4.17]; log-rank P < .001), as were valve reintervention rates (27 [3.5%] vs 11 [1.9%]; hazard ratio, 2.21 [95% CI, 1.10-4.45]; log-rank P = .02), although between 2 and 5 years only 6 patients who underwent TAVR and 7 who underwent surgery required a reintervention.Conclusions and RelevanceAmong intermediate-risk patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis, major clinical outcomes at 5 years were similar for TAVR and surgery. TAVR was associated with superior hemodynamic valve performance but also with more paravalvular leak and valve reinterventions.
The clinical course of most patients with pulmonary embolism is one of gradual resolution with re-establishment of flow in the pulmonary arteries. In a small but definite group of patients, the emboli do not resolve and a state of chronic pulmonary embolism ensues. The primary thrombotic process in the systemic venous system may persist, and in some instances may be unrecognized. Such patients experience recurrent showers of emboli which may ultimately occlude a large part of the pulmonary arterial circulation with development of severe respiratory insufficiency. Six patients with this syndrome are described, and in each there was a history of dyspnea, cyanoiss, and exercise intolerance associated with a low arterial PO2, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary scans and arteriograms demonstrated that more than half of the major pulmonary arteries were occluded and, in addition, smaller vessels were also obstructed. Pulmonary embolectomy was performed in each patient. Five of the 6 obtained a highly gratifying response, including relief of the dyspnea and cyanosis, an increase in arterial PO2, and a decrease in pulmonary arterial pressure. In each of the five in whom improvement occurred, the back-bleeding from the pulmonary artery at the time of embolectomy was quite good. In the sixth patient, the back-bleeding was very poor, and despite embolectomy, the vessel thrombosed postoperatively with no improvement in the patient's clinical course. Follow-up studies in these patients range up to 8 years with demonstration of continued patency of the pulmonary arteries as well as continued improvement in clinical symptoms and in the arterial PO2.
Sphygmomanometers are usually sold with a single cuff though some are supplied with a short cuff as standard and offer a longer one for larger arms. However, data on the differences in measurements taken with different cuffs applied to different sized arms are conflicting and this study set out to investigate the difference between those taken with 'normal' and 'large' cuffs in arms 28 cm or more in circumference. We avoided observer error by using a semi-automatic digital sphygmomanometer, the Omron 705CP. The 22 subjects employed were selected from one general practice as having a range of previous office blood pressures and a variety of arm sizes above 28 cm in circumference. Omron 'normal' and 'large'
Background: Minimally invasive treatment options for structural heart disease have rapidly expanded over the last decade. Yet despite national and clinical program recognition of the need for structural heart coordinators , limited information is available to describe this role in the Australian context. Methods: National exploratory survey across Australian public hospitals (n=18 accredited sites) to identify and describe the current SH coordination environment, role and responsibilities of personnel. An online survey consisting of 50 questions and was distributed by the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (CSANZ). Results: 10 of 18 (56%) sites responded, most prevalent title held was Structural Heart (SH) Coordinator (40%). Respondents were predominantly registered nurses, with an average 17 years nursing experience and commonly graded as clinical nurse consultants (50%). Average duration in position was 3years, 44% held post graduate certificate and 22% master's degree. 60% of respondents coordinated care for four or more procedures including TAVI, TMVr MitraClip, ASD/PFO and LAA, with 40% overseeing research procedures and 30% managing national clinical registries. Only 20% said they had cover for planned leave. Common responsibilities were coordinating patient clinical assessment for treatment consideration and waitlist management, followed by SH meeting preparation and patient follow-up. Respondents identified key barriers as unrealistic workload and time expectations, poorly defined role and lack of professional support. Conclusion: This study provides an overview of the current SH coordination landscape across public hospitals in Australia. This data can be used to further inform development and standardisation of a national position description for coordinators.
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