Geographical indication (GI) is a collective right and its success depends largely on collective action of the target groups and effective governance by the implementing agency. The present study highlights the shortcomings in the institutional, technical and participatory aspects of GIs in the Indian context using the Institutional Analysis and Development framework. The rice GIs of Kerala viz., Navara Rice, Palakkadan Matta Rice, Pokkali Rice, Wayanad Jeerakasala Rice, Wayanad Gandhakasala Rice, and Kaipad Rice are selected for the study. The objective of GI recognition was achieved from the protection point of view, but as the registered proprietors has not initiated participatory process with regard to marketing and promotion no effects in this regard is achieved except Kaipad rice. The average prices of all the rice GIs in Kerala have increased post GI registration. But the question is that whether the price was sufficient to sustain the farming of these specialty rice. These products reach the end consumers at a very high price, but these benefits are not reaching the producer. Lack of focussed interventions from the institutional arrangements post GI recognition has camouflaged the potential outcomes.
Fodder scarcity and low quality affect the productivity of dairy cattle in Kenya. Information on the unique strategies used by successful farmers also called positive deviants (PDs) among smallholder dairy farms is scanty. The objective of this study, therefore, was to determine the strategies distinguishing PDs from their peers (non-PDs), in fodder conservation at highlands and midlands agroecological zones of Tharaka Nithi County. Multistage sampling was used to select 121 smallholder dairy farms producing and conserving fodder. An increase in; land under fodder and crop residue, access to extension services, herd size, and milk yield (kg/cow/day) result in to increase in fodder conserved. Therefore, increased herd size, milk yield, land allocated to fodder production, and access to knowledge and skills promote fodder conservation. Further research on PDs methods and technologies of fodder conservation as well as economic performance could provide additional information to develop the dairy industry in highlands and midlands.
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