The fresh frozen egg of the tobacco hornworm (TBH) Manduca sexta (L.), is an efficient and superior host for mass production of Trichogramma nubilale Ertle & Davis. Each host egg may produce 10.7 + 2.8 (n = 7) large, robust, and active T. nttbilale. The proportion of ~ stabilized at 80-90 % with 69.9 + 26.6 (n = 8) ovarian eggs per female. As many as 3 fr were observed ovipositing simultaneously into a single TBH egg. Superparasitism (> 10 progeny) should be avoided because it may cause nutritional or space limitations on the development of effective T. nubilale.
Abstract. This paper presents evidence of the relationship between survival and body water content in the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Results of a simulation model for dynamically describing water balance and survival are compared with experimental data for the Mexican bean beetle feeding on both lima bean and soybean under different variable temperature and moisture regimes.
Abstract. Quantitative effects of temperature, vapour pressure deficit, host, and larval body size were experimentally determined. A simulation model for dynamic water balance in the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, is presented and parameters are estimated from laboratory data for water gain/loss equations. The model is based on water loss through the cuticle, spiracles and frass, and water gain through ingestion.
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