The interaction of the river flow with bottom riverine forms is considered under the significant influence of anthropogenic factors leading to changes in the water regime, the riverbed process and the ecology of watercourses. The section under consideration in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River, taking into account the nature of the influence of both hydroelectric units, is divided into three parts: the upper section – from the Tuyamuyun hydroelectric unit to the Kipchak gorge; the middle section – from the Kipchak gorge to the Takhiatash hydroelectric unit; the lower section – from the Nietbaytas hydropost to the Kyzyljar hydropost (the delta part of the Amu Darya River). The regularities of the negative impact of anthropogenic factors on the hydraulic regime and the course of riverbed processes have been studied at these sites. The scale of the impact of anthropogenic factors significantly altering the course of the riverbed process has been determined and a generalized indicator characterizing the complex of various anthropogenic loads has been developed. It shows the change in water and riverbed regimes under the influence of hydraulic engineering measures in recent years in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River, which are still observed in the case of wandering of the stream and the occurrence of peculiar currents, as well as deigish, where the banks are not protected by structures. In places where damless water intakes are located in channels, due to the large width of the river, planned instability occurs, which complicates water supply. According to the results of the analysis of the mechanism of these phenomena, appropriate measures have been developed to improve water intakes.
The article discusses the methods of determining the longitudinal slopes of rivers, their advantages and disadvantages are noted. Various methods of determining the longitudinal slopes of rivers are analyzed. It is revealed that the weighted average slope adopted by the hydrometeorological service, determined by the graphoanalytic method, does not fully reflect the essence of the influence of slopes on the speed of water movement. It is noted that it is expedient to use the differential equation of uneven motion to determine the slopes of the water surface in the lower reaches of lowland rivers. The criterion ratio of slopes characterizing the stability of the riverbed in the longitudinal direction is revealed. The hydraulics-morphological method of determining the level and longitudinal slope of the free flow surface, as well as quantitative criteria for the movement of river flows, has been continued.
This article analyzes the materials concerning the study of the dynamics of the flow and the channel process in urban areas in the delta of the Amudarya river. In this section, the regularities of the negative impact of anthropogenic factors on the dynamics of the river flow and the course of channel processes were studied. The scale of the impact of urbanization factors that significantly change the course of the channel process is determined and the structural levels of channel forms are assessed. The most cost-effective method for cleaning river beds from polluted bottom sediments by specially created volley water discharges from the upper pool of existing hydroelectric facilities is proposed. Changes in the channel processes in the delta of the Amudarya river under the influence of annually recurring catastrophic low water and strong wind erosion are shown. The time scales at various structural levels of the channel process have been refined. The article used general scientific research methods based on the analysis and generalization of natural and experimental materials.
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