In the atom probe microanalysis of steels, inconsistencies in the measured
compositions of solutes (C, N) have often been reported, as well as their
appearance as molecular ions. Here we propose that these issues might arise
from surface migration of solute atoms over the specimen surface. Surface
migration of solutes is evidenced by field-ion microscopy observations, and its
consequences on atom probe microanalysis are detailed for a wide range of
solute (P, Si, Mn, B, C, N). It is proposed that directional walk driven by
field gradients over the specimen surface and thermally activated is the
prominent effect.Comment: 30 pages , 10 figure
Lead-free Ba0.85Ca0.15Zr0.10Ti0.90O3 (BCZT) ceramic exhibits excellent dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties at the Morphotropic Phase Boundary (MPB). Previously, we demonstrated that the use of the anionic surfactant Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS, NaC12H25SO4) could enhance the dielectric properties of BCZT ceramic using surfactant-assisted solvothermal processing [1]. In the present study, structural, dielectric, ferroelectric properties, as well as electrocaloric effect and energy storage performances of this BCZT ceramic were thoroughly investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements revealed the presence of single perovskite phase at room temperature with the coexistence of orthorhombic and tetragonal symmetries. In-situ Raman spectroscopy results confirmed the existence of all phase transitions from rhombohedral through orthorhombic and tetragonal to cubic symmetries when the temperature varies as reported in undoped-BaTiO3. Evolution of energy storage performances with temperature have been investigated. BCZT ceramic exhibits a high energy storage efficiency of ~80% at 120 °C. In addition, the electrocaloric responsivity was found to be 0.164×10 -6 K.m/V at 360 K.
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