Stereolithographic (SL) biomodeling is a new technology that allows three-dimensional (3D) imaging data to be used in the manufacture of accurate solid plastic replicas of anatomical structures. The authors describe their experience with a patient series in which this relatively new visualization method was used in surgery for cerebral aneurysms. Using the rapid prototyping technology of stereolithography, 13 solid anatomical biomodels of cerebral aneurysms with parent and surrounding vessels were manufactured based on 3D computerized tomography scans (three cases) or 3D rotational angiography (10 cases). The biomodels were used for diagnosis, operative planning, surgical simulation, instruction for less experienced neurosurgeons, and patient education. The correspondence between the biomodel and the intraoperative findings was verified in every case by comparison with the intraoperative video. The utility of the biomodels was judged by three experienced and two less experienced neurosurgeons specializing in microsurgery. A prospective comparison of SL biomodels with intraoperative findings proved that the biomodels replicated the anatomical structures precisely. Even the first models, which were rather rough, corresponded to the intraoperative findings. Advances in imaging resolution and postprocessing methods helped overcome the initial limitations of the image threshold. The major advantage of this technology is that the surgeon can closely study complex cerebrovascular anatomy from any perspective by using a haptic, "real reality" biomodel, which can be held, allowing simulation of intraoperative situations and anticipation of surgical challenges. One drawback of SL biomodeling is the time it takes for the model to be manufactured and delivered. Another is that the synthetic resin of the biomodel is too rigid to use in dissecting exercises. Further development and refinement of the method is necessary before the model can demonstrate a mural thrombus or calcification or the relationship of the aneurysm to nonvascular structures. This series of 3D SL biomodels demonstrates the feasibility and clinical utility of this new visualization medium for cerebrovascular surgery. This medium, which elicits the intuitive imagination of the surgeon, can be effectively added to conventional imaging techniques. Overcoming the present limitations posed by material properties, visualization of intramural particularities, and representation of the relationship of the lesion to parenchymal and skeletal structures are the focus in an ongoing trial.

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Mortality in hydrocephalic pediatric patients is high especially in the first postoperative years but is even significant in adult patients with pediatric hydrocephalus. As deaths occur even after 20 years, routine follow-up of long-term survivors remains necessary.

An accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer is effective to restore active exorotation when performed as the primary or a separate secondary procedure in children older than 10 months of age. Contradictory spontaneous recovery of other superior trunk functions and integrity of suprascapular nerves, as well as absence of spinatus muscle wasting direct to central nervous changes are possible main causes for the lack of exorotation.