The total phenolic compound and fatty acid profiles of lipids from microalgae are unique. The present study was designed to investigate aqueous, ethanolic and acetone extracts of several algae (Spirogyra sp., Spirulina sp.,Chlorella sp and Chara sp.) for their antioxidant capacities of the crude extracts and fractions by radical scavenging activity against the stable radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl DPPH as well; total phenolic content. The results showed that Spirulina sp. indicated significantly higher total phenolic compound and antioxidant activities compared to the other species (P < 0.05) and acetone extracts showed higher quantity among three extracts. The fatty acids analysis using High performance liquid chromatography –HPLC showed the presence of palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid, palmitic acid showed high quantity than other fatty acid classes in all studied algae. This study concluded that high antioxidant capacity of microalgae could be inspected for different industrial applications.
Recently, bottled water consumption has been increasing significantly, even when the quality of tap water is considered excellent, which contributes to plastic pollution. Besides, reducing the use of plastic generally is recommended world widely, as its consumption is in an alarming rate. Therefore, this study aims to compare the tap and bottled water and manifest the reasons behind choosing the bottled water, which is less comfortable and often more expensive over the tap water. In this study, samples have been taken from both bottled and tap water in Koya city from November 2020 to May 2021 to test their quality using PH, DO, EC, and TDS meter, hardness was determined by complexometric titration method at 21°C, and XRF spectrometers. According to the quality standards, most of the variables were in a permissible range, except for dissolved oxygen and Aluminum content in both types of water and TDS for two types of bottled water. However, the quality of tap water was much safer to be used, as compared with the bottled water.
The present work investigated the more competent and challenging adsorbent to remove copper ions from aqueous solutions, comparing the efficiency between the natural microalgae bio-adsorbent chlorella species (that are present in Greater Zab River near Erbil city, which is known as hyper accumulate heavy metal ions) and synthetic magnetic nanoparticles coated with silica (SiO2) (that are gaining popularity for the treatment of heavy metals in water because of there smaller size, highly dispersible in different pH and magnetically resonant efficient). All the materials synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis, the morphology observed by Scanning electron microscope (SEM), crystalline structure, and grain size provided by Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The maximum Cu+ 2 ion adsorption was for 100mg/L for the copper solution was 57.2%, at pH8 was 59.7%, and at the temperature, 30°C was 80.2% are the optimum conditions obtained for each adsorbent. The more efficient adsorbent for copper ion acquired was low cost, and environmentally friendly natural bio-adsorbent chlorella spices (sp.) was 0.24mg/g, due to high surface functional group and has high selective as compared to magnetic nanoparticles that are coated with SiO2 are lower capacity for adsorption 0.16mg/g.
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