Through the action of opaque-2 modifier genes, the soft, floury endosperm of opaque-2 mutants is converted to a vitreous phenotype. This change in endosperm texture is associated with a twofold to threefold increase in gamma-zein content. To investigate the effect of opaque-2 modifiers on the expression of gamma-zein genes, we analyzed the synthesis and distribution of gamma-zein protein and the level of gamma-zein mRNAs in developing endosperms of the inbreds W64A and W64Ao2, a modified opaque-2 mutant Pool 34 QPM, and their reciprocal F1 hybrids. We also characterized the number and organization of gamma-zein genes in these and related maize genotypes. Our studies show that opaque-2 modifiers are semidominant genes, resulting in a twofold to threefold increase in gamma-zein gene expression in both opaque-2 and normal genetic backgrounds. The increase in gene expression appears to be a consequence of enhanced mRNA transcription or stability rather than gene amplification because gamma-zein genes occur in one or two copies in modified as well as nonmodified genetic backgrounds. Ultrastructural studies showed that gamma-zein occurs in high concentrations in the first few subaleurone cells of nonmodified endosperms, but high concentrations of gamma-zein occur in the subaleurone and central endosperm cells of modified opaque-2 mutants. The increased concentration and distribution of gamma-zein in modified endosperms are highly correlated with the activity of opaque-2 modifier genes.
A new lumped conceptual model based on the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) concept has been proposed in this paper for long-term hydrologic simulation and it has been tested using the data of five catchments from different climatic and geographic settings of India. When compared with the Mishra et al. (2005) model based on variable source area (VSA) concept, the proposed model performed better in all applications. Both the models however exhibited a better match between the simulated and observed runoff in high runoff producing watersheds than did in low runoff producing catchments. Using the results of the proposed model, dominant/dormant processes involved in watershed's runoff generating mechanism have also been identified. The presented model is found useful in the continuous simulation of rainfall-runoff process in watersheds.Keywords hydrological forecasting . long-term hydrologic simulation . saturation excess overland flow . streamflow . rainfall-runoff . variable source area . curve number . antecedent moisture Nomenclature P total rainfall I a initial abstraction P e effective rainfall F t infiltration at any time 't' in SCS-CN-based model Water Resour Manage (2008) 22:165-190 RO t rainfall excess (surface runoff) at any time 't' for 5-days from beginning of storm DR t subsoil drainage at any time 't' PR t percolation at any time 't' DSP t deep seepage at any time 't' in SCS-CN-based model DPR t deep percolation at any time 't' SRO t surface runoff at any time 't', if t>5-days THR t throughflow at any time 't' in SCS-CN-based model BF t base flow at any time 't' in SCS-CN-based model TRO t total runoff at any time 't' in SCS-CN-based model EVP t potential evaporation at any time 't' EV t evaporation at any time 't' TR t transpiration at any time 't' ET t actual evapotranspiration at any time 't' in SCS-CN-based model SMS soil moisture store GWS ground water store SCS-CN Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number
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