CONUS is a novel experiment aiming at detecting elastic neutrino nucleus scattering in the almost fully coherent regime using high-purity germanium (Ge) detectors and a reactor as antineutrino source. The detector setup is installed at the commercial nuclear power plant in Brokdorf, Germany, at a close distance to the reactor core to guarantee a high antineutrino flux. A good understanding of neutron-induced backgrounds is required, as the neutron recoil signals can mimic the predicted neutrino interactions. Especially events correlated with the reactor thermal power are troublesome. On-site measurements revealed such a correlated, highly thermalized neutron field with a maximum fluence rate of (745±30) cm −2 d −1 . These neutrons, produced inside the reactor core, are reduced by a factor of ∼10 20 on their way to the CONUS shield. With a high-purity Ge detector without shield the γ-ray background was examined including thermal power correlated 16 N decay products and neutron capture γ-lines. Using the measured neutron spectrum as input, Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated that the thermal power correlated field is successfully mitigated by the CONUS shield. The reactor-induced background contribution in the region of interest is exceeded by the expected signal by at least one order of magnitude assuming a realistic ionization quenching factor.Keywords neutron spectrometry · Bonner sphere spectrometer · neutron attenuation · low background gamma-ray spectroscopy · low radioactive material selection · neutron capture · radiation shield · Monte Carlo simulation · coherent elastic neutrino nucleus scattering a
Intense fluxes of reactor antineutrinos offer a unique possibility to probe the fully coherent character of elastic neutrino scattering off atomic nuclei. In this regard, detectors face the challenge to register tiny recoil energies of a few keV at the maximum. The Conus experiment was installed in 17.1 m distance from the reactor core of the nuclear power plant in Brokdorf, Germany, and was designed to detect this neutrino interaction channel by using four 1 kg-sized point contact germanium detectors with sub-keV energy thresholds. This report describes the unique specifications addressed to the design, the research and development, and the final production of these detectors. It demonstrates their excellent electronic performance obtained during commissioning under laboratory conditions as well as during the first 2 years of operation at the reactor site which started on April 1, 2018. It highlights the long-term stability of different detector parameters and the achieved background levels of the germanium detectors inside the Conus shield setup.
The measurements of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEνNS) experiments have opened up the possibility to constrain neutrino physics beyond the standard model of elementary particle physics. Furthermore, by considering neutrino-electron scattering in the keV-energy region, it is possible to set additional limits on new physics processes. Here, we present constraints that are derived from Conus germanium data on beyond the standard model (BSM) processes like tensor and vector non-standard interactions (NSIs) in the neutrino-quark sector, as well as light vector and scalar mediators. Thanks to the realized low background levels in the Conus experiment at ionization energies below 1 keV, we are able to set the world’s best limits on tensor NSIs from CEνNS and constrain the scale of corresponding new physics to lie above 360 GeV. For vector NSIs, the derived limits strongly depend on the assumed ionization quenching factor within the detector material, since small quenching factors largely suppress potential signals for both, the expected standard model CEνNS process and the vector NSIs. Furthermore, competitive limits on scalar and vector mediators are obtained from the CEνNS channel at reactor-site which allow to probe coupling constants as low as 5 ∙ 10−5 of low mediator masses, assuming the currently favored quenching factor regime. The consideration of neutrino-electron scatterings allows to set even stronger constraints for mediator masses below ∼ 1 MeV and ∼ 10 MeV for scalar and vector mediators, respectively.
The CONUS experiment (COherent elastic NeUtrino nucleus Scattering) aims at detecting coherent elastic neutrino nucleus scattering of reactor antineutrinos on Germanium. The experiment will be set up at the commercial nuclear power plant of Brokdorf, Germany, at a distance of ∼17 m to the reactor core. The recoil of the nuclei hit by the antineutrinos is detected with four high-purity point contact Germanium detectors with a very low threshold and an overall mass of about 4 kg. To suppress the background, the setup is equipped with a shell-like passive shield and an active muon veto system. The shield and the muon veto have successfully been tested at the shallow depth laboratory at Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik. Monte Carlo simulations have been performed to reproduce the prompt muon-induced background and to examine the induced neutron spectrum. Currently, the low threshold Germanium detectors are characterized and the experiment is prepared for commissioning.
We report first constraints on electromagnetic properties of neutrinos from neutrino-electron scattering using data obtained from the CONUS germanium detectors, i.e. an upper limit on the effective neutrino magnetic moment and an upper limit on the effective neutrino millicharge. The electron antineutrinos are emitted from the 3.9 $$\hbox {GW}_\mathrm {th}$$ GW th reactor core of the Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant in Germany. The CONUS low-background detectors are positioned at a distance of 17.1 m from the reactor core center. The analyzed data set includes 689.1 kg d collected during reactor ON periods and 131.0 kg d collected during reactor OFF periods in the energy range of . With the current statistics, we are able to determine an upper limit on the effective neutrino magnetic moment of $$\mu _\nu < 7.5\cdot 10^{-11}\,\mu _B$$ μ ν < 7.5 · 10 - 11 μ B at 90% confidence level. No neutrino signal in this channel or in the CE$$\nu $$ ν NS channel has been observed at a nuclear power plant so far. From this first magnetic moment limit we can derive an upper bound on the neutrino millicharge of $$\vert {q}_{\nu }\vert < 3.3\cdot 10^{-12}\,e_0$$ | q ν | < 3.3 · 10 - 12 e 0 .
The CONUS experiment is searching for coherent elastic neutrino nucleus scattering of reactor anti-neutrinos with four low-energy threshold point-contact high-purity germanium spectrometers. Excellent background suppression within the region of interest below 1 keV (ionization energy) is absolutely necessary to enable signal detection. The collected data also make it possible to set limits on various models regarding beyond the standard model physics. These analyses benefit as well from the low background level of $$\sim $$ ∼ 10 d$$^{-1}$$ - 1 kg$$^{-1}$$ - 1 below 1 keV and at higher energies. The low background level is achieved by employing a compact shell-like shield that was adapted to the most relevant background sources at the shallow depth location of the experiment: environmental gamma radiation and muon-induced secondaries. Overall, the compact CONUS shield including the active anticoincidence muon-veto reduces the background by more than four orders of magnitude. The remaining background is described with validated Monte Carlo simulations which include the detector response. It is the first time that a full background decomposition in germanium operated at a reactor site has been achieved. Next to the remaining muon-induced background, $$^{210}$$ 210 Pb within the shield and cryostat end caps, cosmogenic activation and airborne radon are the most relevant background sources. The reactor-correlated background is negligible within the shield. The validated background model, together with the parameterization of the noise, is used as input to the likelihood analyses of the various physics cases.
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