Current lithium‐ion battery technology is gearing towards meeting the robust demand of power and energy requirements for all‐electric transportation without compromising on the safety, performance, and cycle life. The state‐of‐charge (SOC) of a Li‐ion cell can be a macroscopic indicator of the state‐of‐health of the battery. The microscopic origin of the SOC relates to the local lithium content in individual electrode particles and the effective ability of Li‐ions to transport or shuttle between the redox couples through the cell geometric boundaries. Herein, micrometer‐resolved Raman mapping of a transition‐metal‐based oxide positive electrode, Li1‐x(NiyCozAl1‐y‐z)O2, maintained at different SOCs, is shown. An attempt has been made to link the underlying changes to the composition and structural integrity at the individual particle level. Furthermore, an SOC distribution at macroscopic length scale of the electrodes is presented.
We used in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry to measure the photocatalytic activity of titania films on fused
silica and glass substrates. Amorphous and anatase TiO2 films with a variety of microstructures were prepared
by reactive sputtering and pyrolytic deposition. The titania films were coated with thin, spin-cast films of
stearic acid [CH3(CH2)16COOH] to represent an organic contaminant. Photooxidation rates were determined
from ellipsometric measurements of the reduction in stearic acid film thickness during exposure to UV
irradiation at 313 or 365 nm. The photooxidation rate was found to be proportional to I
α, where I is the
irradiance. The exponent α correlated with the TiO2 crystallinity, having values of approximately 0.7 and 0.8
for amorphous and anatase films, respectively. The largest photooxidation rate was observed for the pyrolytically
deposited anatase sample on which X-ray reflectometry and spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements detected
the presence of a low-density TiO2 surface layer. To assess the performance of these films in practical
applications, the specimens were exposed to wavelength and irradiance conditions that simulated a solar UV
spectrum. The most photocatalytically active sample had a stearic acid film removal rate of 22 nm/h, which
would be suitable for self-cleaning window applications.
Abstract:The scratch resistance of coatings used on two highly visible automotive applications (automotive bodies and window glazings) were examined and reviewed. Types of damage (scratch vs. mar), the impact on customers, and the causes of scratch events were investigated. Different exterior clearcoat technologies, including UV curable and self-healing formulations were reviewed, including results from nano-and macro-scratch tests. Polycarbonate hardcoat glazings were tested vs. annealed glass samples using a Taber abraser, with the resulting damage analyzed using transmitted haze measurements and optical profilometry. A correlation between the damage seen in glass samples (many smooth, shallow mars) and the best hardcoat samples (fewer, deeper scratches) and the haze measurements was discussed. Nano-scratch results showed similar fracture forces, but measurably improved mar resistance for the hardcoats/glass system compared to exterior clearcoats.
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