We studied inheritance of Stomatal frequency in five barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), populations and the effect of Stomatal frequency on photosynthesis, transpiration, and Stomatal resistance to diffusion. The latter studies were done using barley lines high and low in Stomatal frequency from two backcross populations.Heritabilities, estimated by the parent‐progeny regression method, ranged from 22 to 74%. These estimates were for the F2 and F3 generations on the individual plant basis. Realized heritabilities based on simulated high and low selection were in good agreement with the regression estimates, although the estimates were consistently higher for the high than for the low selection.For plants pretreated to assure open stomata, Stomatal diffusive resistances and transpiration rates differed statistically among lines, but photosynthesis did not. Lines having low Stomatal frequencies had higher Stomatal resistances, and transpired less water than lines with more stomata. A 25% decrease in frequency of stomata reduced transpiration rates by about 24%. Stomatal frequency did not influence the rate of photosynthesis, however. Hence, the possibility exists of altering transpiration without altering photosynthesis by selecting varieties with fewer stomata.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeders worldwide have used the 1BL.1RS translocation as a source of genes for disease resistance, broad adaptation, and enhanced yield potential. Although it appears to have detrimental effects on hard wheat baking quality, there are no known reports of its impact on soft wheat quality. This study was designed to investigate the effects of 1BL.1RS on milling and baking quality in soft red winter wheat and to evaluate the interaction of these effects with environment and genetic background. Grain from 1BL.1RS and nonrye sister lines, derived in the F9 from two experimental lines, SW85"294 and SW85"5626, was evaluated in five Missouri environments. In both genetic backgrounds, 1BL.1RS was associated with significant reductions in adjusted flour yield and overall milling quality and a significant increase in alkaline water retention capacity, which may be detrimental to soft wheat baking quality. Test weight in 1BL.1RS lines was reduced by 11.6 kg m-3 in SW85"294 but was not affected in SW85"5626. In the SW85"5626 background, 1BL.1RS increased softness equivalent 1.3 percentage units but had no affect in SW85"294. Neither flour protein content nor overall baking quality was affected by the presence of 1BL.1RS. For all traits, the effect of the genetic background was large compared with the effect of 1BL.1RS. Variation among the 1BL.1RS lines was significant in both genetic backgrounds and led to the conclusion that in these lines, the negative effects of 1BL.1RS could be overcome by selection.
The wheat (Triticura aestivura L.)-rye (Secale cereale L.) translocation, IBL.IRS, has been reported to enhance yield potential in hard wheat germplasms. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of IBL.IRS on yield potential in soft red winter wheat. Agronomic traits associated with yield potential were measured in 40 Fg-derived sister lines in two soft red winter wheat genetic backgrounds, SW85"294 and SW85"5626. The presence of IBL.IRS had no significant impact on grain yield, kernel weight, biological (total aboveground) yield, harvest index, fertile tillers, spikelets per head, or kernels per spikelet. This effect was independent of production environment in which the translocation was assessed. The presence of the translocation caused a 3.3-and 4.0-cm reduction in plant height in SW85"5626 and SW85"294, respectively. A significant reduction in lodging was associated with reduced height. Heading date was delayed I d in SW85"294 but was not affected in SW85"5626. The elfeet of genetic background was large relative to the effect of the translocation for all traits measured. These data suggest that where grain yield is a primary objective of the breeding program, emphasis should be placed on selection for genes on other wheat chromosomes rather than for the presence of the IBL.IRS translocation.
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