Nonlinear dielectric spectroscopy is used to study the
self-association of 2-pyrrolidinone in benzene solutions
up to 0.9 mol/L at 25 °C. The nonlinear dielectric spectra below
100 MHz are recorded using an LC-resonant circuit, while above 100 MHz a partial coaxial resonant cavity
is used. Both the kinetic and
thermodynamic data are very well described by a dimerization mechanism
with an equilibrium constant for
dimerization K(ε) = 2676 exp[−17.1(ε −
1)/(2ε + 1)] M-1, depending on the permittivity of
the solution
according to the reaction field theory. At infinite dilution in
benzene, K = 53 M-1 and the rate of
association
is diffusion-controlled with k
1 = 0.87 ×
1010 M-1 s-1. The
description proposed in the present work is also
confirmed by the analysis of (static) linear dielectric data up to 0.9
mol/L and qualitatively predicts the behavior
at higher concentrations. The present study has shown that even
for high concentrations there is no need to
introduce oligomers such as trimers or tetramers in the association
model. Both linear and nonlinear dielectric
data lead to a dipole moment value of 3.96 D for the monomer and 2.30 D
for the dimer. The latter is
believed to undergo a rapid interconversion between a closed and a
(partially) open form explaining the
relatively high dipole moment. As an overall conclusion, it can be
stated that the dynamic measurements
have proven to be a much more sensitive tool to discriminate between
different association models than
thermodynamic results.
We present complete nonlinear dielectric spectra for a rigid dipolar molecule in dilute solution. The spectra are described theoretically by dispersions of the form as predicted by Coffey and Paranjape ͓Proc. R. Ir. Acad. 78, 17 ͑1978͔͒ and by Alexiewicz and Kasprowicz-Kielich ͓Modern Nonlinear Optics, edited by M. Evans and S. Kielich ͑Wiley, New York, 1993͒, Vol. 85, pt. 1, p. 1͔ and are consistent with linear dielectric measurements. ͓S1063-651X͑98͒09602-0͔
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