The pathogenesis of the osteochondrosis syndrome was studied in large and giant breeds of dogs. Spontaneous cases of osteochondrosis were examined in large breed dogs, and experimental disease was investigated in Great Dane puppies fed ad libitum or restricted diets until 6 mo of age. This investigation concluded that the primary lesion occurring in osteochondrosis of dogs from the large and giant breeds is an acquired pattern of osteopenic and biomechanically weak subchondral spongiosa that cannot provide adequate bony support for the articular cartilage of joints. Excessive biomechanical loading of the inadequately supported epiphyseal articular cartilage leads to secondary disturbances in the nutrition, metabolism, function and viability of the chondrocytes in the developing joint surface. The primary lesion in the subchondral spongiosa develops when overnutrition (ad libitum feeding) overstimulates skeletal growth and cancellous bone remodelling mechanisms in those breeds of dogs who already have an inherent capacity for rapid skeletal growth. The epiphyseal spongiosa of rapidly growing dogs of the larger breeds is inherently less dense and less strong per unit area than epiphyseal spongiosa of dogs from the smaller breeds. Overnutrition in dogs from the larger breeds exaggerates this tendency to create osteopenia by increasing the rates of skeletal growth and remodeling of the newly formed cancellous bone. Accelerated rates of bone growth and bone remodeling act in concert to product a pattern of epiphyseal spongiosa that is composed of fine trabecular systems that are spaced relatively far apart and that are ultimately less strong per unit area than in small breeds of dogs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Zusammenfassung Von 100 Hunden mit chronischen und akuten Spontanerkrankungen wurden die Gewichts‐ und Gestaltsveränderungen der Nebennieren makroskopisch und histologisch beschrieben und in ihrer Entstehung als Adaptations‐syndrom nach Selye gedeutet. Weiterhin wurden die häufig auftretenden Kapsel‐ und Rindenknötchen beschrieben, die ebenfalls als Zeichen einer gesteigerten Funktion gedeutet werden können. Auf Grund der durchgeführten Untersuchungen wird gefolgert, daß beim Hund das Stress‐Geschehen ähnlich wie bei anderen Tierarten abläuft, daß aber, bedingt durch den Aufbau der Nebennierenrinde des Hundes, morphologische Unterschiede bestehen. Zur Abgrenzung der Hyperplasie gegenüber dem Adenom wird vorgeschlagen, die Knötchen mit strangförmiger, fascicularisähnlicher Struktur als knotige Hyperplasien und die mit Anordnung der Zellen in soliden Ballen und Zapfen als Rindenadenome zu bezeichnen. Anhangsweise werden zur Ergänzung der Kasuistik 3 Adénome, 1 malignes Adenom und 1 Karzinom der Nebennierenrinde mitgeteilt. Summary Contribution to the morphology of the adrenal cortex in spontaneous diseases of the dog In 100 dogs with chronic and acute diseases the weight of the adrenals and the macroscopic and microscopic changes in them are described and interpreted in terms of the adaptation syndrome of Selye. The frequent occurrence of nodules in the capsule and cortex is described and their interpretation is seen as a sign of increased functional activity. The results of these studies suggest that the phenomena of “stress” in the dog have the same development as in any other species but that there are morphological differences because of the structure of the adrenal cortex. To distinguish hyperplasia from an adenoma the author proposes to consider nodules which have a fascicular structure to represent nodular hyperplasia and those with the cells arranged in solid balls and pegs as cortical adenomas. In an appendix the author reports 3 adenomas, one malignant adenoma and one carcinoma of the adrenal cortex. Résumé Contribution à l'étude de la morphologie des corticosurrénales dans les maladies spontanées du chien Chez 100 chiens atteints de maladies spontanées chroniques et aiguës l'auteur indique le poids des surrénales et décrit les modifications macroscopiques et microscopiques observées en les interprétant comme la conséquence du syndrome d'adaptation de Selye. Il décrit en outre les nodules fréquents dans l'enveloppe conjonctive et dans la corticale qui peuvent également être interprétés comme un signe d'hyperfonction. Sur la base des recherches effectuées on en déduit que chez le chien les phénomènes de “stress” ont la même évolution que chez les autres animaux, mais que par suite de la structure de la cortico‐surrénale, il existe des différences morphologiques. Pour distinguer une hyperplasie d'un adénome, l'auteur propose de considérer les nodules présentant une structure fasciculée (comme dans la zone fasciculée) comme des hyperplasies nodulaires et les nodules dont les cellules forment des amas solides...
ABSTRACT.-Döbereiner J. & Dämmrich K. 1997. Are alveolar bone changes a determinant factor for cara inchada in cattle? Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 17(2):45-48. Projeto Saúde Animal Embrapa/UFRRJ, Km 47, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro 23851-970, Brazil.In order to study possible alterations of the skeleton which might play a role in the pathogenesis of the periodontitis of cara inchada in young cattle, ribs from 20 affected calves, 2 to 10 months old, were examined. Electrolytically decalcified longitudinal sections of the costochondral junction and cross sections through the corpus costae, stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin, were studied. In five calves, longitudinal sections of the proximal humerus were examined as well. The status of mineralization was checked by microradiograms. Systemic alteration of the skeleton due to disturbances of mineral metabolism could not be shown in any of the animals. In seven 2 to 4 months old calves, no bone changes were found. The reduced osteogenesis in six 3 to 5 months old calves and the reduced osteogenesis and diminished chondral growth in seven 5 to 10 months old calves are therefore a consequence of the disease. The results show that the development of the alveolar bone was not defective, so this cannot be a determinant factor for the development of the periodontitis of cara inchada in cattle.INDEX TERMS: Cara inchada , periodontitis, cattle, pathogenesis, skeleton, bone histopathology.SINOPSE.-Alterações do osso alveolar são um fator determinante da cara inchada dos bovinos? Para verificar possíveis alterações do esqueleto, que poderiam ter papel importante na patogênese da periodontite da cara inchada em bovinos jovens, costelas de 20 bezerros com 2 a 10 meses de idade e afetados pela doença foram estudadas. Examinaram-se cortes longitudinais eletroliticamante descalcificados das junções cartilaginosas e cortes transversais do corpus costae, corados pela hematoxilina-eosina. Em cinco bezerros examinaram-se também cortes longitudinais do úmero proximal. O estado de mineralização óssea foi avaliado através de microrradiogramas. Em nenhum dos animais alterações do esqueleto por distúrbios do metabolismo mi-
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