Postprandial lipid profiles and release of insulin (INS), intact proinsulin (PI), and 32-33 split proinsulin (SPI) in response to a mixed meal with a high fat content were determined over a 12 h period in non-obese control subjects (n = 10) and non-insulin-dependent (Type 2) diabetic (NIDDM) patients with normotriglyceridaemia (NTG; n = 11) and hypertriglyceridaemia (HTG; n = lo), by calculation of the 'areas under the curves' (AUC). The postprandial triglyceride-AUC was significantly greater in HTG-NIDDM patients ( p < 0.05) than in NTG-NIDDM or control subjects. Chylomicron clearance was impaired only in HTG-NIDDM patients (p < 0.05). Chylomicron-remnant clearance was impaired in both groups of NIDDM patients (p < 0.05). The postprandial suppression of plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) content was impaired in HTG-NIDDM patients (p < 0.05). The postprandial INS-, PI-and SPI-AUCS were significantly greater than in the control subjects ( p < 0.05). In NIDDM, triglyceride-AUC correlated significantly with PI and SPI release (triglyceride-AUC vs PI, p < 0.05; triglyceride-AUC vs SPI, p < 0.01).Chylomicron AUC was unrelated to the fasting plasma INS, PI or SPI content, unlike chylomicron-remnant-AUC (Chylomicron-remnant-AUC vs INS, p = NS; chylomicronremnant-AUC vs PI, p < 0.01; chylomicron-remnant-AUC vs SPI, p < 0.01). The NEFA response was associated with fasting plasma SPI content (NEFA-AUC vs SPI, p < 0.05).Postprandial chylomicron AUC was not related to the overall secretion of INS, PI or SPI. However, triglyceride-, chylomicron-remnant-and NEFA-AUCs were all associated positively with the release of PI and SPI (p < 0.05). In multivariate analyses, chylomicronremnant clearance had the major relationship with the release of insulin precursors, accounting for 23 o/o of the variability (p < 0.01). Inclusion of overall response of free fatty acids improved the model, with both parameters together accounting for 30 YO of the variability ( p < 0.01). The output of the p-cell over the postprandial period differed between the NlDDM patients and the control subjects in that when glycaemic stimulation was moderate, the proportion of insulin-like molecules as a percentage of the total output was greater than in control subjects but this was not the situation when glycaemia was greatest. We conclude that abnormal postprandial lipaemia in NlDDM is associated with p-cell output, possibly mediated by the availability of free fatty acids. KEY WORDS Diabetes Hypertriglyceridaemia Insulin secretion Postprandial lipoprotein metabolism Abbreviations: AUC area under the curve, BMI body mass index, HDL high-density lipoprotein, HTG hypertriglyceridaemia, IDL intermediatedensity lipoprotein, INS insulin, LDL low-density lipoprotein, NEFA non-esterified fatty acids, NlDDM non-insulin-dependent (Type 2) diabetes mellitus, NS not significant, NTC normotriglyceridaemia, PI intact proinsulin, SPI 32-33 split proinsulin, VLDL very-lowdensity lipoprotein.
Abstract-In this work, we are concerned with optimal estimation of clean speech from its noisy version based on a speech model we propose. We first propose a (single) speech model which satisfactorily describes voiced and unvoiced speech and silence (i.e., pauses between speech utterances), and also allows for exploitation of the long term characteristics of noise. We then reformulate the model equations so as to facilitate subsequent application of the well-established Kalman filter for computing the optimal estimate of the clean speech in the minimum-meansquare-error sense. Since the standard algorithm for Kalman filtering involves multiplications of very large matrices and thus demands high computational cost, we devise a mathematically equivalent algorithm which is computationally much more efficient, by exploiting the sparsity of the matrices concerned. Next, we present the methods we use for estimating the model parameters and give a complete description of the enhancement process. Performance assessment based on spectrogram plots, objective measures and informal subjective listening tests all indicate that our method gives consistently good results. As far as signal-to-noise ratio is concerned, the improvements over existing methods can be as high as 4 dB.
There have been a number of recent criticisms of the methods used to allocate the local authority Rate Support Grant in the UK. A new approach to grant allocation is proposed in this paper, which is based upon mathematical control theory. This method overcomes many criticisms of grant allocation: It allows the explicit identification of grant-allocation goals; it permits the consistent inclusion of constraints; it allows optimal allocation over longer time horizons; and it can incorporate uncertainty in the measurement of local needs and costs. The method is, however, consistent with existing methods of grant allocation and can be implemented within the constraints of existing information bases.
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