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SUMMARY The paper focuses on the use of oxygen and steam as the gasification agents in the thermochemical conversion of biomass to produce hydrogen rich syngas, using a downdraft reactor configuration. Performance of the reactor is evaluated for different equivalence ratios (ER), steam to biomass ratios (SBR) and moisture content in the fuel. The results are compared and evaluated with chemical equilibrium analysis and reaction kinetics along with the results available in the literature. Parametric study suggests that, with increase in SBR, hydrogen fraction in the syngas increases but necessitates an increase in the ER to maintain reactor temperature toward stable operating conditions. SBR is varied from 0.75 to 2.7 and ER from 0.18 to 0.3. The peak hydrogen yield is found to be 104 g/kg of biomass at SBR of 2.7. Further, significant enhancement in H2 yield and H2 to CO ratio is observed at higher SBR (SBR = 1.5–2.7) compared with lower range SBR (SBR = 0.75–1.5). Experiments were conducted using wet wood chips to induce moisture into the reacting system and compare the performance with dry wood with steam. The results clearly indicate the both hydrogen generation and the gasification efficiency (ηg) are better in the latter case. With the increase in SBR, gasification efficiency (ηg) and lower heating value (LHV) tend to reduce. Gasification efficiency of 85.8% is reported with LHV of 8.9 MJ Nm−3 at SBR of 0.75 compared with 69.5% efficiency at SBR of 2.5 and lower LHV of 7.4 at MJ Nm−3 at SBR of 2.7. These are argued on the basis of the energy required for steam generation and the extent of steam consumption during the reaction, which translates subsequently in the LHV of syngas. From the analysis of the results, it is evident that reaction kinetics plays a crucial role in the conversion process. The study also presents the importance of reaction kinetics, which controls the overall performance related to efficiency, H2 yield, H2 to CO fraction and LHV of syngas, and their dependence on the process parameters SBR and ER. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In the present study, activity for anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) has been evaluated by varying the degree of Sr 2+ -substitution in La 1−x Sr x NiO 3 from x = 0.0 to 1.0. EDS was utilized to measure the elemental composition. XRD and Rietveld refinement were employed for the phase and crystal structure analysis. It was observed that the crystal structure of LaNiO 3 was distorted after Sr 2+ -substitution and formed tetragonal lanthanum-strontium nickelates (LSN) for x ≤ 0.8, and rhombohedral strontium nickelate for x = 1.0. For all the samples, secondary phases (NiO for 0.2 ≤ x ≤ 1.0 and SrCO 3 for 0.8 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) were also observed. Rietveld analysis suggests that Sr 2+ -substitution caused the cell volume to contract. The oxidation state of Ni in the samples were investigated by XPS for the elusive Ni 4+ . An increase in the mass specific activity for OER was observed as the degree of Sr 2+ -substitution increase until x = 0.6, however, the activity decreased for higher values of x. The LSN samples were significantly more active than that of LaNiO 3 , and the state-of-the-art electrocatalyst Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 Co 0.8 Fe 0.2 O 3−δ .

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