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To evaluate the rate of establishment of cortical continuity and union of large bone defects with the use of recombinant bone morphogenetic protein (rh-BMP-2)/hydroxyapatite implants. Six adult male dogs were used to evaluate the effect of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) in filling large cortical defects. A 1.5cm cortical ulnar defect was created in two groups of dogs. First group had 1.5cm BMP implant in a carrier of hydroxyapatite in the cortical defect; the control (group 2) defect was left intact. Evaluation was through serial radiographic determination of mean fracture gaps. There was progressive filling of osseous defects in group 1, which was total at the 16th week post-surgical (PS); group 2 dogs had radiographic non-union at the 16th PS week. It was concluded that BMP implanted with a hydroxyapatite carrier significantly enhanced the rate of cortical restoration of massive bone defects in dogs.

The wounds of diabetic patients are associated with delayed healing and microbial invasion. This study evaluated the healing and microbial responses to surgical wounds in diabetic rabbits. Sixteen (16) New Zealand White rabbits were used in this study. They were divided into 4 groups of 4 rabbits each, namely; A, B, C and D. A is the control (non-diabetic and non-wounded), B (diabetic and non-wounded), C (wounded and non-diabetic) and D (wounded and diabetic). Three (3) cm2 skin wounds were created in a standard aseptic condition while diabetes was induced by intravenous administration of 200 mg/kg of alloxan monohydrate. Blood samples were collected from ear vein of each rabbit on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 post-surgery for analysis of blood glucose level.  Wound samples were collected on days 3, 7, 14 and 21 to evaluate microbial contaminants. The wounds were examined for exudation and recorded as none (0), scant (1), moderate (2) and large (3) and diameter of wound epithelialization and contraction were determined. The blood glucose concentration of groups B and D  from days 3 to 28 ranged between 288.00 ± 40.22 mg/dl to 358.65 ± 25.89 mg/dl), and were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the corresponding values of groups A and C which ranged from  120.60 mg/dl ± 14.29 to 129.60 ± 8.18 mg/dl. The rate of wound contraction in the C group on day 7 (11.02 ± 2.17%) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the D group (2.23 ± 4.60%). Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas subspecies were identified in the wounds of rabbits in groups C and D. It was concluded that alloxan-induced diabetes caused delayed wound healing. At the same time Staphyloccocus and Pseudomonas species were the predominant microorganism detected in the acute wounds of diabetic and non-diabetic rabbits.

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The use of animals in scientific research dates back to 500 BC, with research from Greece by Alcmaeon and other temporary scientists. Techniques for dissecting living animals were improved by Galen of Pergamum and his experiments were later valuable in the discovery of blood circulation in the16th century . Until the 18th century humans were envisaged as the only alternative to animals in scientific research, and it was advocated that criminals in particular should be the subjects of vivisection. By the 19th century, however, even the use of cadavres came under regulation 1 .Claude Bernard and other leading scientists defended the focus on animal experimentation, which increased its use. A hard blow has been dealt on animal model based research by the reduced funding and support in favor of non-animal model techniques which include synthetic models, cadaver models as well as computer simulations, these styles of instructions