Four different Multigrain Premixes (MGPs) namely MGP I, MGP II, MGP III, MGP IV were developed to select the best premix for preparation of biscuits based on nutritional value and biscuit quality. The MGPs were prepared using cereals (barley, sorghum, maize, oats), pulses (chickpea dhal, green gram, peas, soya flour), millets (pearl millet, finger millet) and wheat germ each at 20 % level. The MGPs developed had 22.91-27.84 % protein, 16.82-18.72 % dietary fiber and 3.11-3.46 % minerals. The wheat flour was replaced with MGPs separately at different levels of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 %. The incorporation of these MGPs significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased the water absorption (56.0-50.9 %), peak viscosity (273.67-154.92 RVU), biscuit spread ratio (10.28-8.15) and increased the pasting temperature (67.10-79.20°C), dough hardness (311.66-460.26 N) and biscuit breaking strength (13.25-28.68 N). SEM studies showed that incorporation of MGP disrupted the protein matrix. Among the MGPs, MGP III was found to be more suitable even at the 40 % level for obtaining nutritious multigrain biscuits with higher protein, dietary fiber, and mineral content.
This study was focused on the formulation and processing of gluten‐free variants of pizza base (PB) using the grains of the Fabaceae family. The Bengal gram, soya bean, black gram, and fenugreek seeds were milled to 200 µm size, and multi‐Fabaceae gluten‐free variant was prepared by blending these grains at 33:33:33:1 ratio. The rheologic characteristics of MFGF indicated that farinograph WAC, DDT, stability; amylograph viscosity values decreased compared with WF. The hardness and gumminess of the WF pizza dough were 17.43 and 5.85, respectively, and increased to 53.41 N and 44.70 kgf for MFGF. The weight (133.40–161.80 g) and breaking strength (37.43–83.41 N) of PB increased and the spread ratio (11.92–8.04) decreased in MFGFPB than WFPB. The use of CA improved the rheologic, textural, and physico‐sensory properties of MFGFPB. The MFGFPB +CA had low in vitro starch digestibility (19.21) than WFPB (40.50). ELISA studies indicated that the gluten content of MFGFPB +CA was (15.77 ppm) within the permissible limit for GF products with a substantial increase in protein and dietary fiber.
Novelty impact statement
Celiac disease (CD) is one of the autoimmune genetic disorders triggered by the ingestion of gluten that affects mucosal damage of the small intestine. The only treatment for CD is lifelong strict adherence to a gluten‐free (GF) diet. Recent studies revealed that the GF products available in the market are loaded with starch and sugars with poor nutrition and priced very high. While in CD, there is a requirement for high nutrition diet, due to poor digestion and absorption in the small intestine. Studies suggest to improve the nutritional quality and reduce the cost of GF products in the market and also to introduce a new range of commonly consumed foods as GF products without compromising the originality. The formulation and processing methodologies developed in this research is very helpful to address these issues and exploiting MFGFPB, as a carrier of functional ingredients with health benefit is having huge potential for industrial commercialization.
Effect of addition of multigrain premix (MGP) prepared using a combination of cereals, pulses and oilseeds at 40% level, on nutritional properties of multigrain biscuit, its in-vitro and in-vivo protein digestibility and protein profiling were studied. The incorporation of MGP significantly increased the protein content (from 7.37 to 16.61%), insoluble dietary fiber (from 1.71 to 6.67%), soluble dietary fiber (from 0.46 to 2.42%). The significant increase in the levels of isoleucine (ND-34.79%), methionine (0.04 to 7.65%), tryptophan (0.22 to 5.95%) valine (0.38 to 16.58%), lysine (0.36 to 7.32%), and threonine (0.51 to 7.2%) was observed, whereas fatty acid profile of MGP incorporated biscuits showed increased polyunsaturated fatty acids and decreased saturated fatty acids. The vitamin-mineral profile of MGP incorporated biscuits showed increased the thiamin (0.07-0.21 mg/ 100 g), riboflavin (0.09-0.28 mg/100 g), calcium (12.89-45.28 mg/100 g) and iron (1.13-3.47 mg/100 g) contents. The in-vitro protein digesibility of multigrain and control biscuits indicated that the proteins present in multigrain biscuits had high digestibility (71.73%) as compared to control biscuit (38.13%). The in-vivo studies indicated that, the protein quality of multigrain biscuits was comparable with casein protein with high protein efficiency ratio of 3.02. The electrophoretic pattern of multigrain biscuits showed subunit molecular weight distribution of different protein units and aggregation of protein bands at high molecular weight region of 85 to 166 kD. The outcome of the study indicated the possibility of utilising MGP to improve the overall nutritional quality of biscuits. Keywords Multigrain biscuit Á Amino acid profile Á Fatty acid profile Á In-vitro protein digestibility Á In-vivo protein digestibility Á SDS-PAGE
In order to improve the nutritional quality of biscuits, a multigrain premix (MGP) was developed by using whole barley, sorghum, chickpea, pea and defatted soya flour, each at 20% level. The developed MGP had 26.28% protein, 10.13% insoluble dietary fiber and 7.38% soluble dietary fiber. The experiment was designed to optimise the MGP and wheat flour concentration for the development of multigrain biscuits with high protein, dietary fibre and to maximize the acceptability by the application of central composite rotatable design (CCRD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The levels of incorporation of MGP and wheat flour were taken as variables whereas protein, soluble, insoluble fibers, biscuit dough hardness, breaking strength and overall acceptability (OAA) as responses. The optimum level of MGP and wheat flour obtained using numerical optimization was found to be 40 g and 60 g respectively. The biscuits prepared using these had 16.61% protein, 2.57% soluble fibre, and 6.67% insoluble fibre which is significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher than control biscuit.
KeywordsMultigrain Biscuits, Breaking Strength, High Protein and Fiber, Multigrain Premix, Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
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