No abstract

This study aims to compare the US Institute of Medicine (IOM) and Japanese guidelines proposed by the Ministry and the Japan Society for the Study of Obesity on gestational weight gain (GWG), and to explore the optimal GWG range in Japanese women. We investigated 8,152 Japanese women who had full-term singleton babies between 2010 and 2013 at a single center in Tokyo. Logistic regression models showed that GWG below the recommendation of the IOM and Japanese guidelines was similarly associated with an increased risk of light-for-date (LFD), whereas GWG above these guidelines was similarly associated with an increased risk of heavy-for-date (HFD) in pre-pregnancy body mass index categories of underweight (<18.5 kg/m2, n = 1559), normal-weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2, n = 4998), overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2, n = 270), and obese (30 ≤ kg/m2, n = 60). The receiver-operating characteristic curve demonstrated that the optimal cutoffs for LFD and HFD were 9.7 and 10.4 kg, respectively in normal-weight mothers. The IOM and Japanese guidelines identified the risk of LFD or HFD equally well. The optimal GWG range in normal-weight women observed in this study was more close to Japanese guideline (i.e., 7–12 kg) compared to the IOM guideline (i.e., 11.5–16 kg).

Photovoltaic properties of InP solar cells and defect behaviors of InP single crystals irradiated with 1-MeV electrons have been studied in order to clarify the superior radiation resistance of InP solar cells compared to Si and GaAs solar cells. It is confirmed that the excellent radiation tolerance of the InP cells is originated from the room-temperature annealing and minority-carrier injection-enhanced annealing phenomena of major radiation-induced defects in InP. The main defects in InP induced by irradiation at room temperature are thought to be due to a Frenkel pair of phosphorus vacancy and interstitial. They are much more mobile than those in GaAs.

Platinum agents are drugs used for various types of cancer. With increased frequency of administration of platinum agents, hypersensitivity reactions appear more frequently, occurring in over 25% of cases from the seventh cycle or second line onward. It then becomes difficult to conduct treatment using these agents. Various approaches have been investigated to address hypersensitivity reactions to platinum agents. Desensitization, which gradually increases the concentration of the anticancer drug considered to be the antigen until the target dosage, has been reported as being particularly effective, with a success rate of 80-100%. The aims of this paper are to present the current findings regarding hypersensitivity reactions to platinum agents and to discuss attempts of using desensitization against hypersensitivity reactions worldwide.

The Wittig reaction of nonstabilized ylides with benzaldehyde and benzophenone was investigated in detail by means of carbonyl-14C kinetic isotope effects, substituent effects, and isotope-scrambling and probe experiments. The reaction with benzophenone gave the carbon isotope effects and the Hammett p values of considerable magnitude both in Li salt-free and salt-present conditions. In contrast, they are quite small for the reaction with benzaldehyde.Enone-isomerization and dehalogenation probe experiments indicated that the nonstabilized ylide has enough ability to transfer an electron to benzaldehyde and benzophenone. These results were interpreted in a self-consistent manner by the mechanism that the Wittig reaction of nonstabilized ylides proceeds via initial electron transfer from the ylide to the carbonyl compounds. The electron-transfer step is rate-determining for benzaldehyde, while radical coupling following the electron-transfer step is rate determining for benzophenone. From the probe experiments together with the isotope effects and the substituent effects reported previously, the reaction of semistabilized ylides was concluded to proceed through a polar nucleophilic addition mechanism.