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Arecanut cultivars are generally tall, which is a major constraint in arecanut cultivation. High yielding tall cultivars have been crossed with natural dwarf mutant, Hirehalli Dwarf (HD) and hybrids have been developed and released for commercial cultivation. It is very difficult to distinguish selfed progenies of the female mother palm in the nursery stage using morphological traits. Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) primers were used to screen tall cultivars of arecanut and HD. One of the primers, SCoT11, produced an amplicon of around 1300 bp band, which was present in all the tall cultivars, but was absent in the dwarf accession. A SCAR marker, capable of distinguishing tall/dwarf trait in arecanut, was also developed and validated, which could ensure supply of genuine hybrid planting material to the farming community.

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In this study, the start of thermosolutal penetrative convection in a horizontal fluid layer heated and salted from below was investigated analytically and graphically in the presence of throughflow and changeable gravity field effects. The normal mode technique is used to test the system's stability properties. The mathematical expressions for stationary and oscillatory Rayleigh numbers are obtained as a function of the governing parameters. The analysis demonstrates that the vertical throughflow, gravity parameter, and heat source effect all have a considerable influence on the beginning of convective motion in double‐diffusive flow. The impacts of variable gravity, vertical throughflow, and heat source parameters, as well as other physical parameters such as Solutal Rayleigh numbers and Lewis numbers, on stationary and oscillatory convection, are studied and illustrated graphically, and some previously published results are recovered in the limiting cases.

In the present article, the combined impact of vertical throughflow and temperature-reliant viscosity on the fluid-saturated anisotropic porous matrix is considered for investigation numerically by the Galerkin technique. The temperature-reliant viscosity is known to be exponential. The porous matrix is subject to continuous vertical throughflow. A parametric analysis is conducted by adjusting the following parameters: throughflow parameter, viscosity parameter, mechanical anisotropic parameter, and anisotropic thermal parameter. The findings reveal that the impacts of raising the viscosity parameter, downward throughflow parameter, and anisotropic thermal parameter delay the beginning of convection, whereas increasing mechanical anisotropic parameter and upward throughflow parameter destabilizes the porous system.

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