Fungal diseases in green leafy vegetables are commonly under-estimated. However, the application of agrochemical fungicide has raised multiple drawbacks such as the higher amount of chemical residues and intensified microbial community stress. There is an urgent need to establish a bio-control antifungal agent with minimal toxicity threat, which sourced from natural environment. This study aimed to isolate soil-borne fungi from soil underneath infected green leafy vegetables and identify the antifungal activities of actinomycete strains on the isolated fungi strain. Fungi were isolated from 3 soils collected underneath the infected green leafy vegetables. Actinomycete strains were screened for antifungal potential against selected fungi strains using agar plug assay. Forty-one fungal strains were isolated from the soil samples. Actinomycetes strain C.D6.5 exhibited the largest inhibition zone on five selected fungal strains, whereas actinomycetes strain C.KSJ 13.3 produced the broadest spectrum of antifungal activities. It can be concluded that actinomycetes strain have significant antagonistic activity against fungi and pure antifungal component can be extracted as an effective and environmental friendly bio-control agent on plant fungi.
The increase in human activities has caused water pollution, where more pollutants are released into the water. Lipid is one of the common substances that can be found in contaminated water. Lipid-degrading bacteria refer to bacterial strains that can produce lipase and break down the lipid. This study was conducted to isolate and screen lipid-degrading bacteria from contaminated water samples. Four potential lipid-degrading bacteria were isolated from contaminated seawater and pond water. The ability of bacteria strains in degrading lipids was tested by growing the bacteria on Rhodamine B agar. The colony that emits orange fluorescent indicates the presence of lipase activity. The rate of lipid degradation by the bacterial strain on olive oil and motorcycles oil was carried out using the liquid-liquid extraction method with chloroform and methanol as solvents. Strain T1 isolated from Teluk Batik, Malaysia seawater showed lipid-degradation activity and capable of degrading commercial olive oil and motorcycles oil at 75.59% and 85.43%, respectively.
Various researchers have found that vinegar has antibacterial effect on different types of pathogenic bacteria which make it useful for a varieties of application in medical, food preservation and as cosmetic ingredient. Many new emerging tropical fruits vinegars were not tested for antibacterial properties especially for skin and acne causing treatment. Therefore, this study aim is to test several tropical fruits vinegar in order to determine their ability against skin and acne causing bacteria ultimately could lead to application of effective vinegars in personal care and cosmetic products. Tropical fruit vinegars such as pineapple, mango, coconut, dokong and rambutan vinegars were tested for the presence of acetic acid, titratable acid, pH and anti-microbial properties against acne causing bacteria Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. The presence of acetic acid content in the vinegar samples was determined using HPLC analysis against 100% glacial acetic acid standard and shown to be between 6.444, 6.959, 5.832, 6.484 and 6.373 min. Titratable acidity range lied between 1.14 ± 0.06% to 3.26 ± 0.09% of which rambutan vinegar showing highest acetic acid content while pineapple vinegar giving the lowest value. The pH value among five vinegar samples fell within the range of 3.06 to 3.65 of which pineapple vinegar has the lowest value and coconut vinegar had the highest pH. Antimicrobial properties of different tropical fruit vinegar samples with different percentage of acetic acid content in samples comprised of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5% and 3.0% were determined by antimicrobial disk diffusion assay on Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. Clear zone of inhibition could be observed at 1% acetic acid in all samples, ranging from 7.8 mm to 8.6 mm against main acne causative bacteria, Propionibacterium acnes indicating that the vinegars has antibacterial properties against the bacterium
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