Six field experiments were conducted in Giza Agricultural Research Station, Egypt during 2010, 2011 and 2012 growing seasons to study the effect of two types of N fertilizers (urea and urea form as slow-release (UF)) on intercropping cowpea with sunflower and intercropping wheat with pea. A split plot design with three replications was used. The results indicated that insignificant effect of cropping systems was found for sunflower and significant effect was found for cowpea yield. Significant effect of N fertilizers was found on sunflower and insignificant effect was found for cowpea yield. Furthermore, insignificant effect of interaction of cropping systems and N fertilizers was found for sunflower and significant effect was found for cowpea yield. With respect to wheat and pea intercropping, both crops were significantly affected by intercropping system. Significant effect of N fertilizers was found on wheat and insignificant effect was found for pea yield. Both wheat and pea were significantly affected by the interaction of cropping system and N fertilizers. Yield advantage was achieved because land equivalent ratio exceeded 1.00. Dominance analysis proved that leguminous crop is dominated component. Thus, the studied intercropping systems could be recommended to farmers due to its beneficial returns.

This study has been carried out through an experiment conducted at El-Giza Agricultural Research Station to examine the short-term effects (3 years) of two cropping patterns-based on intercropping system and N fertilization on quantifying of crop& soil carbon sequestration and soil carbon dioxide emissions targeting to test the ability of this management to mitigate global warming which produced from increased concentration of atmospheric CO 2 which would essentially reflect upon climate change mitigation .Also, the impact of soil temperature and moisture changes as factors affected such emissions have put into consideration. The first intercropping pattern has been sunflower/cowpea (Helianthusannuus, va.Sakha, 53/Vigna unguiculata. local).Second intercropping pattern has been wheat/peas (Triticum aestivum L va, Sakha 94/Pisum sativum Lva, Master b.).The first intercropping pattern has been arranged in 2:2,2:3 rows of sunflower: cowpea, sole sunflower and sole cowpea (4 configurations) while the 3: 2,5:2 rows of wheat: peas , sole peas and sole wheat (4 configurations) have been done for the second pattern. The N-fertilizers have been urea and ureaform (slow release nitrogen fertilizer); in rate of 60kg N fed-1 for sunflower/cowpea intercrop,110 kg N fed-1 for wheat/peas intercrop, 30 kg N fed-1 forsole sunflower and 30 kg N fed-1 for sole cowpea from urea added for every season.100kg N fed-1 for sunflower/cowpea intercrop,50kgN fed-1 for sole sunflower and 50kgN fed-1 for sole cowpea from ureaform added for every two seasons. Wheat/peas intercrop; sole wheat and sole peas (in second season) have not been taken N-fertilizer but grown on the residual ureaform-N. Soil CO 2 emissions have been weekly measured from October 3 rd , 2010 to May 9 th , 2013, us ingstatic chamber technique. Such emissions have been absorbed through NaOH followed by HCl titration. Also, soil temperature and moisture have been weekly recorded. Soil sampling after harvest has been taken to determine some physical and chemical properties. After three years of practicing this management, the results indicate that, under the conditions of this experiment, soil temperature varied between 12and 45Cº at 5 cm depth, soil moisture varied between 2 and 55% at the same depth. Statistically, they have shown no or poor correlations with soil emitted-CO 2 .The quantities of soil-CO 2 emitted from irrigated plot treatments and determined in summer seasons have been higher than those of non-irrigated ones and those determined in winter seasons. Intercrops patterns and UF fertilizer have been contributed to obtain a lower emitted CO 2 quantities from soil compared to sole crops patterns and urea fertilizer. The obtained yield from intercrops patterns treatments and UF fertilizer have been higher than those of sole crops patterns ones and urea fertilizer. Intercrops patterns and UF fertilizer have been found to be efficient in increasing sequestered carbon either in crop biomass or in soil; the crop sequestered-C relative increase for intercrops to sole crop...

Grapevine fertilization is one of the most sensitive practices, particularly interested in management package. Three years study (2004, 2005 & 2006) has been conducted in a private vineyard located at El-Khatatba region, Menofia Governorate to investigate the effect of ureaform (UF) as a slow release nitrogen fertilizer and ammonium nitrate (AN) as an ordinary one with or without application of farmyard manure (FYM) on yield and quality parameters of Thompson seedless grapes (Vitis Vinifera L.).Results indicate that no significant effects for the different treatments on the morphological characters have been observed except that of leaf area which has shown clear response to both UF treatment rates and FYM application. Also, it is observed that such character values were superior in the 3 rd year to those of 2 nd one. All treatments have given good quality grape yield. However, it is observed some inferiority concerning total sugar and total soluble solids as well as high acidity in condition of available nitrogen glut expected and due to high nitrogen rates or FYM application.In 2 nd year, it is observed positive effect for each FYM and UF treatment on cluster weight, yield/ vine and yield/ fed. The UF rate of 96 kg N/fed without FYM and 48 kg N/ fed with adding FYM have been the most superior. In the 3 rd year, No effective for FYM application on the yield or their components has been marked, yet on the contrary, the nitrogen treatments without FYM application have given the most yield, it is also observed that the treatments tagged (+) have given yield more than those tagged (*) regardless fertilizer type or rate.Concerning the economic evaluation, net return and investment factor (IF) of UF treatments has been superior to those of AN treatment in case of no adding FYM, the contrary has been true in case of FYM application. In the 2 nd year, it is illustrated that the optimum rates to fulfill the maximum profitability have been 96 kg N/ fed. without FYM application and 48 kg N/ fed. with FYM application. In the 3 rd year, and because of its yield has been more than that of 2 nd one, its net return has been so much comparing with those of 2 nd one.Generally, the treatments have not received N-fertilizer in the 3 rd year has been the most profitability although its net return has been less than those received Nfertilizer. This means that the highest yield does not mean the highest profitability. However, still the rate 96 kg N/ fed. without FYM application and 48 kg N/ fed. with FYM application have been the most profitability.