Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide which is more prevalent in women after menopause. Hormonal changes associated with menopause are accountable for dyslipidemic pattern that causes CVD and associated complications. Therefore, the present study was commenced to compare the lipid profile in pre- and postmenopausal women. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences (MMIHS) from February 2016 to July 2016. A total of 260 fasting samples were collected from healthy women, 130 from premenopausal and 130 from postmenopausal women, and analyzed for Total Cholesterol (TC), Triacylglycerol (TAG), High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C), and Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) as per the guideline provided by the reagent manufacturer (Human, Germany). All the parameters were analyzed by Stat Fax 3300 semi auto analyzer. TC, TAG, HDL-C, and LDL-C were highly significantly increased in postmenopausal women when compared to premenopausal women. LDL/HDL ratio was significantly elevated in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women. BMI was significantly positively correlated with TC and TAG in both pre- and postmenopausal population and it was positively correlated with HDL-C in premenopausal population while negatively correlated in postmenopausal population. Since more of the atherogenic lipid parameters are increased in postmenopausal women, they appear to be more prone to have CVD and associated complications in near future. Hence, it is mandatory to monitor and manage dyslipidemic pattern in every woman experiencing menopause.
BackgroundNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is mutually and bidirectionally linked with metabolic syndrome (MetS) of which it is both the cause and the consequences. Worldwide, 6.3 to 33% of the general populations are estimated to suffer from the disease with even higher prevalence in the group sharing metabolic co-morbidities. Hence, this study aims to recognize various risk factors including metabolic components and blood parameters to predict the possible incidence of the disease.MethodsTotal of 429 (219 NAFLD and 210 control) subjects were conveniently selected for study during the period of 9 months. Diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was done by liver imaging and based on liver enzymes. Assessment of metabolic syndrome was done by International Diabetic Federation (IDF) and National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) criteria. All biochemical and hematological parameters and liver enzymes were estimated by using standard guideline. Mean comparison of quantitative data in different groups were performed using analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA). Risk estimation of NAFLD associated with each character was verified by Chi-square test.ResultsThere was significant high levels of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and lipid profiles in NAFLD patients in comparison to control population (p < 0.001). Further, according to the NCEP ATP III criteria, 13.6% of NAFLD were present with MetS where risk estimate was significant (OR = 2.15). Whereas, other criteria (IDF) for MetS showed higher frequency (30.1%) with higher risk (OR = 29.75) for the presence of MetS in NAFLD patients. The change in triglycerides (TG) and HDL-C (high density lipoprotein cholesterol) was also statistically significant in different grades of NAFLD. High risk for NAFLD was associated with existing co-morbid conditions like cardiovascular risk patients (3.18 times) followed by obese patients (1.72 times) and Diabetes Mellitus patients (1.68 times) at a significant level.ConclusionThe result of this study suggests that there is an increased prevalence of all the components of MetS and significant changes in biochemical markers in cases of NAFLD. Timely diagnosis would help in delaying its complications and co-morbidities.
Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are among the significant causes of morbidity and mortality for patients of all age groups. However, very little is known about the trends of bacterial bloodstream infections and antimicrobial susceptibilities among pediatric and adult population from Nepal. In this study, we have investigated the different etiological agents responsible for bloodstream infections among pediatric and adult patients and the role of drug resistant organisms in these infections at a tertiary care teaching hospital of Kathmandu, Nepal. A total of 3,088 blood culture specimens obtained from pediatric and adult patients suspected to have bloodstream infections were processed by standard microbiological methods. Significant bacterial pathogens were identified by morphological, biochemical, and serological methods as suggested by American Society for Microbiology. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and interpreted according to the guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Overall, incidence of bloodstream infections among the suspected patients was 7.48%. Pediatric patients (n = 90, 9.37%) were the significant subgroup of patients affected with bloodstream infections compared to adults (p < 0.05, CI-95%). Gram positive (n = 49, 54.4%) bacteria in pediatric and gram negative bacteria (n = 141, 78.7%) in adult patients were the most common isolates for BSI. Staphylococcus aureus (n = 41, 45.6%) in pediatric patients and Salmonella enterica (n = 40, 28.3%) in adult patients were the leading pathogens. Trends of antimicrobial resistance among isolated bacterial strains were significantly high in adults compared to pediatric patients. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (31.4%), extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) (12.5%), and metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) (3.9%) producing gram negatives were major resistant strains. Our study shows higher rates of bloodstream infections in pediatric patients compared to adult patients. Alarming rates of antimicrobial resistance among blood culture isolates is a serious issue. Prompt and accurate diagnosis and rational antimicrobial therapy are extremely needed.
Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the major lifestyle-related metabolic disorders with emerging high incidence around the globe. The prevalence of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is around 4.5% among Nepalese population as per the data of 2013 and the trend is just increasing yearly. Among various complications associated with DM, different patterns of liver diseases like fatty liver, cirrhosis and acute liver failure also count to be crucial ones. Early assessment of liver profile parameters provides better information for the management and cure of possible liver damages in type 2 diabetic population. The present study aimed to assess and compare liver parameters in Nepalese type 2 diabetic population. Methods: A total number of 300 patients were included in descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at Manmohan Memorial Teaching Hospital. Among them, 162 were type 2 Diabetic and 138 were non-Diabetic control population. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) and HbA1c were estimated to diagnose Diabetes Mellitus and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), total protein and albumin were estimated to assess liver function by using standard methods. The parameters were analyzed with SPSS version 20.0 and data with p-value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: We observed increased level of ALT (57%) and AST (46%) among patients with diabetes mellitus. Moreover, a significant level of elevation in AST and ALT was observed among the patients with DM compared to non-diabetic controls (p<0.001). Although not significant statistically, the level of ALP was also high among the diabetic group of patients. However, total protein, albumin and A/G ratio were significantly decreased in diabetic group of patients compared to non-diabetic controls. In addition, transaminases were also significantly associated with duration of diabetes. The levels of HbA1c were positively correlated with transaminases at significant level. Conclusion: Type 2 DM is associated with mild chronic changes in transaminases and decrease hepatic functions. Routine assessment of liver parameters in those populations may prevent further complications associated with liver due to insulin resistance.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.