This review article highlights the emergence of eclectic molecular design principles to realize remarkably strong electron deficient arylenediimide molecules, aspects of their stability and associated applications.

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A facile synthesis of octabromoperylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (Br8-PDA) (1), its diimides (Br8-PDIs) (2a-e), and bis-, tris-, and tetra-amino substituted diimides (5a-c) with six, five, and four remaining substitutable Br atoms, respectively, is reported. Octabromination results in facile chemical/electrochemical reduction, radical anion formation, and red-shifted optical properties. For the first time, diverse halogen-bonding interactions were identified in the PDA/PDI, which along with the attractive electronic features enhance the electron-transport characteristics compared to the di-/tetra-brominated PDIs (3/4).

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Dengue is endemic in most parts of the tropics including India. So far, complete genome information for Indian dengue isolates is not available. In the present study, we characterized the genome of three dengue type 3 viruses isolated from India. The genomes of all three viruses were found to be 10 707 bp long with an ORF encoding 3390 aa. Extensive molecular phylogenetic analysis based on comparison of the complete genome and envelope gene classified the recent Indian viruses into genotype III (lineage III), revealing a shift of lineage from lineage V. The sequence analysis revealed several non-conservative changes in major structural proteins. This study clearly indicates that the genotype III (lineage III) dengue type 3 viruses have been continuously circulating in major parts of India since 2003 and are responsible for the recent major outbreaks all over India. This is the first extensive study on complete genome analysis of dengue type 3 viruses in India.Dengue/dengue haemorrhagic fever (DF/DHF) has emerged as the most important mosquito-borne human viral infection of the 21st century. An estimated 100 million dengue infections are now reported annually around the world. Dengue is caused by four antigenically and genetically distinct, single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses designated dengue virus types 1-4 (DENV-1-4). Dengue viruses belong to the genus Flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae. The genome of dengue virus is approximately 10.7 kb in length and contains a single ORF that encodes three structural [capsid (C), premembrane (prM) and envelope (E)] and seven non-structural (NS) proteins (NS1, Ns2a, NS2b, NS3, NS4a, NS4b and NS5) (Gubler, 1998).Dengue infection is characterized by a spectrum of illness ranging from mild, self-limiting dengue fever to lifethreatening dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). The pathogenesis of DHF and DSS is poorly understood. However, several hypotheses, such as antibody dependent enhancement in heterotypic secondary dengue infections, involvement of a virulent viral genotype and host factors, have been suggested to explain this mechanism (Leitmeyer et al., 1999;Rico-Hesse et al., 1997;Messer et al., 2003).All the DENV serotypes are further classified into multiple subtypes/genotypes based on their genomic diversity (Weaver & Vasilakis, 2009). Five distinct genotypes of DENV-3 have been identified to date (Lanciotti et al., 1994;Wittke et al., 2002;Uzcategui et al., 2003). Genotypes I-III are responsible for most DENV-3 infections and have been associated with DF/DHF epidemics in South East Asia, the Indian subcontinent, the south Pacific, East Africa and the Americas. Genotypes IV and V were not associated with DHF epidemics and are only represented by a few early sequences from the Americas, the south Pacific and Asia, with the exception of recent reports regarding genotype V-related cases from Brazil and Colombia (Aquino et al., 2009).In India, the frequency of DHF outbreaks have increased at an alarming rate over the past 15 years. Deng...

The association of West Nile virus with ocular infection in South India during an epidemic of mysterious fever in the first half of 2010 was clearly established through molecular approaches employing envelope gene-specific real-time RT-PCR and RT-LAMP assays followed by nucleotide sequencing.

We report a new class of multi-electron acceptors by integrating for the first time multiple π-cations at the naphthalenediimide-core. These polyions present a remarkably low-lying LUMO with water stability, seven-redox states in a narrow window of ∼1 V and excellent reversibility. Extended conjugation is manifest in mixed valence states with NIR absorption. X-ray crystallography revealed appealing multiple anion-π interactions.