xygen-compromised environments, such as high altitude, are associated with platelet hyperactivity. Platelets confined within the relatively impervious core of an aggregate/thrombus have restricted access to oxygen, yet they continue to perform energy-intensive procoagulant activities that sustain the thrombus. Studying platelet signaling under hypoxia is, therefore, critical to our understanding of the mechanistic basis of thrombus stability. We report here that hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2a is translated from pre-existing mRNA and stabilized against proteolytic degradation in enucleate platelets exposed to hypoxia. Hypoxic stress, too, stimulates platelets to synthesize plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and shed extracellular vesicles, both of which potentially contribute to the prothrombotic phenotype associated with hypoxia. Stabilization of HIF-a by administering hypoxia-mimetics to mice accelerates thrombus formation in mesenteric arterioles. In agreement, platelets from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and high altitude residents exhibiting thrombogenic attributes have abundant expression of HIF-2a and PAI-1. Thus, targeting platelet hypoxia signaling could be an effective antithrombotic strategy.
The present review is principally focused on the triazolium ILs (TILs) and its potential applications. The major part of this review deals with the use of triazolium ILs as catalysts in asymmetric synthesis, solvents, recognition abilities, and electrolytes in electrochemical, storage devices. Influences of stereochemistry in ion conducting properties, hydrolysis of sugar baggage, Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) and biological activity are also discussed. Our intention in this review is to make concise compilation and investigations of the latest key achievements, broad spectrum of developments and problems within triazolium ionic-liquid. We anticipate that this communication will encourage scientific researchers and industries to exploit triazolium ILs in addressing scientific accost.
During hydrogen pellet injection experiments in the Large Helical Device (LHD), over-ablation caused by fast ions (due to tangential neutral beam injection (NBI) heating at 150-180 keV beam energy) is shown to dominate the measured penetration depths. The neutral gas and plasma shielding model, including the interaction of the pellet with fast ions, is applied, and its predictions are shown to agree well with the measured H α emission profiles. The toroidal deflection of the pellet trajectories observed in the direction of beam injection is reproduced by the model when unbalanced ablation on the two sides of the pellet is included. The attenuation of the fast-ion and electron heat fluxes entering the ablation cloud is examined, showing that the high-energy part of the fast-ion distribution function is responsible for the high ablation rates, and that the thermal electron population is not the dominant ablating species. An analytical scaling for the balanced NBI condition is derived, which reasonably reproduces the measured penetration depths included in the LHD database. In the LHD, for given pellet parameters and beam energy, the fast-ion density is shown to be the major parameter affecting the experimental penetration.
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