Landscape-scale hydrological processes can greatly alter the local-scale water balance and many ecological processes linked to it. We hypothesized that in humid forest ecosystems, topographically driven lateral subsurface flow (SSF) has significant influence on ecophysiological processes such as gross primary productivity (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET). To investigate how simplified hydrological conceptualizations influence the simulated ET and GPP in space and time, we conducted a numerical experiment using a spatially explicit hydroecological model, BEPS-TerrainLab V2.0. We constructed three modelling scenarios: (1) Explicit, where a realistic calculation of SSF was employed considering topographic controls, (2) Implict, where the SSF calculations were based on a bucket-modelling approach and (3) NoFlow, where the SSF was turned-off in the model. Statistical analyses of model outputs showed considerable differences among the three scenarios for the simulated GPP and ET. The NoFlow scenario generally underestimated GPP and ET, while the Implicit scenario overestimated them relative to the Explicit scenario, both in time and space. GPP was more sensitive to SSF than ET because of the presence of unique compensatory mechanisms associated with the subcomponents of the total ET. The key mechanisms controlling GPP and ET were manifested through nonlinear changes in stomatal conductance, unique contributions from GPP and ET subcomponents, alterations in rhizosphere wetting patterns and their impacts on upscaling mechanisms and variability in nitrogen dynamics (for GPP). Feedback and interactive relationships between hydrological and ecophysiological processes also exacerbated the biases. Thus, we conclude that ecological models that have simplified hydrological representations could have significant errors in the estimation of GPP and ET.
Introduction: Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally. Adverse effects of chemotherapy affect physiological and psychological aspects of human life. Self-care practice to manage side effects can improve the quality of life. Aims: The study investigates the relationship between knowledge on the adverse effects of chemotherapy and self-care ability to manage chemotherapy survivors' side effects. Subjects and methods: This was a single centre, Cross-sectional, descriptive study. A face-to-face interview guided by a structured questionnaire was conducted among 100 cancer patients admitted at the daycare centre to receive repeated chemotherapy cycles. Information gathered included knowledge on chemotherapy and its adverse effects and self-care ability to manage them. Results: Results indicated 58% had an above-average level of experience on chemotherapy and side effects,16.42 ± 3.56 Vs 8.52 ± 3.37.To overcome hair loss, 77% of patients preferred to use a wig/scarf to cover the head. To reduce nausea and vomiting symptoms, 48% chose to consume less food. Knowledge on side effects of chemotherapy moderate positively related to self-care practices with (r = 0.55,p = 0.001 level), which shows a significant raise on knowledge level will improve their self-care practices. Knowledge of the adverse effects of chemotherapy was not associated with the demographic variables of study participants. Conclusion: Study concluded that it was essential to enhance awareness and overcome adverse chemotherapy effects via counselling services using current modalities for better self-care practices.
The geospatial Web enables virtually everyone to contribute to the growing collection of geographically referenced information on the World-Wide Web. In this chapter, we present a Google Maps-based tool that enables Web users to contribute two types of information: annotations and their reference locations. We further differentiate annotations into observations and opinions regarding specific places. The potential of this approach for integrating local knowledge into environmental planning was assessed by conducting an online map-based discussion of organic farming among expert stakeholders in the Kawarthas area in Central Ontario, Canada. The discussion contents shed light on the participants' perceptions of the organic food market. Moreover, the experiment demonstrated how a map-based discussion forum can be useful for obtaining public input on planning and policy issues.
The terrestrial carbon (C) cycle has a great role in influencing the climate with complex interactions that are spatially and temporally variable and scale-related. Hence, it is essential that we fully understand the scale-specific complexities of the terrestrial C-cycle towards (1) strategic design of monitoring and experimental initiatives and (2) also developing conceptualizations for modeling purposes. These complexities arise due to the nonlinear interactions of various components that govern the fluxes of mass and energy across the soil-plant-atmospheric continuum. Considering the critical role played by hydrological processes in governing the biogeochemical and plant physiological processes, a coupled representation of these three components (collectively referred to as ecohydrological approach) is critical to explain the complexity in the terrestrial C-cycling processes. In this regard, we synthesize the research works conducted in this broad area and bring them to a common platform with an ecohydrological spirit. This could aid in the development of novel concepts of nonlinear ecohydrological interactions and thereby help reduce the current uncertainties in the terrestrial C-cycling process. The usefulness of spatially explicit and process-based ecohydrological models that have tight coupling between hydrological, ecophysiological, and biogeochemical processes is also discussed.
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