This study evaluates the antimicrobial effects of ethanolic extract of five herbal plants; Guava (Psidium guajava ), Sage ( Salvia officinalis ), Rhamnus ( Ziziphusspina Christi ), Mulberry ( Morusalba L.), and Olive ( Oleaeuropaea L ) leaves against several microbial population representing Gram positive, Gram negative and Mollicutes; S. aureus, E. coli, Pasteurella multocida , B. cereus , Salmonella Enteritidis and M. gallisepticum using standard agar disc diffusion technique and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Different extracts reveal variable results against the microorganism under study. All extracts have no antibacterial potency for Mycoplasma gallisepticum except Psidium guajava . The results of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts against the six bacteria ranged from 625 to 5000 μg/ml. The used herbal extract could inhibit the selected microorganism under study with variable minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC).

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Excessive sodium (salt) intake in our diet is a main contributor to hypertension and a major risk factor for cardiovascular illnesses. As a result, research has made great efforts to develop salt alternatives, and Salicornia spp. offers a very high potential in the food industry for its promising functional characteristics. This review focuses on the nutritional profile, health effects and commercial potential of three specific species of the Salicornia genus: S. bigelovii, S. brachiata and S. herbacea. It also addresses the methods that are used to produce them as salt substitutes. Owing to the antinutritional and anti-inflammatory effects of its bioactive compounds, Salicornia spp. can serve as an organic biological preservative in foods with better consumer appeal when compared with chemical preservatives that are common in the food industry. Overall, the commercial use of these underutilized species will help to improve food security.

The management of healthcare waste requires a sustained and holistic approach involving a range of parties. This is challenging for governments, especially in developing countries, where waste management systems have limited capacities for addressing the issue. Using Saudi Arabia as a case study, this paper followed a multi-method approach, including policy analysis, observation, semi-structured interviews, and a focus group, to explore the country’s healthcare waste management system. The study estimated that Saudi government hospitals across the country, every year, throw away in landfills paper (27,000 tons), plastic (15,000 tons), food (10,000 tons), glass (8000 tons), and metal (7000 tons). Regrettably, all these tons of materials end up in landfills without any form of recycling. A number of challenges were identified, reflecting mainly the lack of a legal framework, waste training, coordination among stakeholders, and social responsibility. This study generated new knowledge about waste management systems by exploring how their performance is shaped by the processes occurring at the policy, organization, and individual levels.

Although () is a highly significant pathogen, its source remains unclear. Many people consume chicken daily as a source of animal protein worldwide; thus, hygienic methods of supplying chickens for consumption are critical for public health. Therefore, our study examined the distribution of the (), , and virulence genes in strains in chicken meat and giblets (gizzards and livers) and the resistance of the strains to various antibiotics. Ninety chicken meat, gizzard and liver samples were obtained from a semi-automatic abattoir in Sadat City, Egypt, and were cultured and preliminarily analyzed using biochemical tests. The presence of the ,, and genotypes was tested for in samples positive for by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (Multiplex-PCR). The resistance of to various antimicrobial drugs was tested using the disc diffusion method. In total, 7 of the 90 chicken samples were positive for (7.78%); in 3/7 (42.85%) samples, the bacteria were found in the chicken liver, while the bacteria were found in the meat in 2/7 (28.57%) and in the gizzard in 2/7 (28.57%) samples. The total prevalence of both the and genes in the isolated strains was 100%, while the prevalence of the and genes was 57.1% and 42.9%, respectively. The resistance of to the antibiotics utilized in our study was 100% for streptomycin; 85.7% for amoxicillin and penicillin; 71.4% for oxytetracycline, nalidixic acid and ampicillin; 57.1% for sulfamethoxazole and erythromycin; and 42.9% for neomycin, chloramphenicol and norfloxacin. In conclusion, the chicken meat and giblets were tainted by, with a higher occurrence of the ,, and genotypes. Future investigations should investigate the resistance of to various antimicrobial agents in Egypt.