21Animals, including fish, display individually consistent behavioral differences that may affect 22 an individual's vulnerability not only to predation, but also to fishing. Compared to complex 23 natural environments, plain hatchery environments might induce development of behaviors 24 that increase vulnerability to fishing, which would in turn have major implications for the 25 management of stocks by supportive releases. We studied whether the vulnerability of 26 hatchery-reared brown trout Salmo trutta to angling could be predicted by rearing method 27 (standard vs. enriched) or behavioral variation that was assessed using long-term observations 28 of moving activity in groups. High moving activity in the beginning of the behavioral tests, 29i.e. exploration behavior, predicted increased vulnerability to angling independently of fish 30 body size. Standard rearing promoted high exploration rate among fish, whereas enriched 31 rearing promoted improvement in body condition in (semi-)natural conditions. However, the 32 driving influence of hunger on vulnerability could not be ruled out, as the most explorative 33 standard-reared fish appeared unable to maintain their body condition during the experiments. 34This study provides direct evidence that standard hatchery rearing method promotes 35 behaviors that directly predict vulnerability to angling. 36 37
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