Smart Transformers (STs) are being envisioned as a key element for the controllability of distribution networks in a future context of Renewable Energy Source (RES), Energy Storage System (ESS) and Electric Vehicle (EV) massification. Additionally, STs enable the deployment of hybrid AC/DC networks, which offer important advantages in this context. In addition to offering further degrees of controllability, hybrid AC/DC networks are more suited to integrate DC resources such as DC loads, PV generation, ESS and EV chargers. The purpose of the work developed in this paper is to address the feasibility of exploiting STs to actively coordinate a fleet of resources existing in a hybrid AC/DC network supplied by the ST aiming to provide active power-frequency regulation services to the upstream AC grid. The feasibility of the ST to coordinate the resources available in the hybrid distribution AC/DC network in order to provide active power-frequency regulation services is demonstrated in this paper through computational simulation. It is demonstrated that the aforementioned goal can be achieved using droop-based controllers that can modulate controlled variables in the ST.
This paper proposes technical solutions that can be implemented in variable speed permanent magnet synchronous generators driven wind turbine systems aiming to mitigate high voltage problems in low voltage MicroGrids by controlling the active power output. Due to the limited control capability of these systems, controlling the output power to prevent voltage rise will require the local accommodation of the generation surplus. For this purpose, additional control functionalities are developed to be integrated in the control systems of the power electronic based interfaces. Their performance is evaluated through numerical simulations performed in Matlab ® /Simulink ® environment and considering the detailed models of the power electronic converters. The results obtained demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control functionalities.
This paper describes technical solutions based on advanced control functionalities for photovoltaic systems aiming to prevent voltage rise above technical limits in low voltage MicroGrids by limiting the injected active power. Due to the action of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) systems, it is expected that the output power of photovoltaic systems tracks the maximum value according to both solar and temperature conditions. Hence, limiting the active power to be injected into the low voltage network requires the accommodation of the generation surplus. An innovative approach is proposed for this purpose, exploiting a modified MPPT algorithm that finds a proper operation point considering also the grid operating conditions. The technical feasibility of this approach is evaluated through numerical simulations performed in the Matlab ® /Simulink ® simulation tool using the detailed models of the power electronic converters.
A distinctive characteristic of a Microgrid (MG) system is related to the ability of operating autonomously. However, the stability of the system relies in storage and generation availability, providing frequency and voltage regulation. Considering the deployment of distributed storage units in the Low Voltage network and of smart metering infrastructures, this paper presents an online tool for promoting an effective coordination of MG flexible resources in order ensure a secure autonomous operation and maximize the time that the MG is able to operate islanded from the main grid. The tool determines a priori an emergency operation plan for the next hours, based on load and microgeneration forecasting. The limited energy capacity of the distributed storage units participating in MG control is also considered.
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