This article extends earlier research concerning the relationship between corporate social performance and corporate financial performance, with particular emphasis on methodological inconsistencies. Research in this area is extended in three critical areas. First, it focuses on a particular industry, the chemical industry. Second, it uses multiple sources of data-two that are perceptual based (KLD Index and Fortune reputation survey), and two that are performance based (TRI database and corporate philanthropy) in order to triangulate toward assessing corporate social performance. Third, it uses the five most commonly applied accounting measures in the corporate social performance and corporate financial performance (CSP/CFP) literature to assess corporate financial performance. The results indicate that the a priori use of measures may actually predetermine the CSP/CFP relationship outcome. Surprisingly, Fortune and KLD indices very closely track one another, whereas TRI and corporate philanthropy differentiate between high and low social performers and do not correlate to the firm's financial performance.

A B S T R A C T We have assessed the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the insulin resistance associated with impaired glucose tolerance and Type II diabetes mellitus by exploring, by means of the euglycemic glucose-clamp technique, the in vivo doseresponse relationship between serum insulin and the overall rate of glucose disposal in 14 control subjects; 8 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, and 23 subjects with Type II diabetes. Each subject had at least three studies performed on separate days at insulin infusion rates of 40, 120, 240, 1,200, or 1,800 mU/M2 per min. In the subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, the dose-response curve was shifted to the right (half-maximally effective insulin level 240 vs. 135 ,uU/ml for controls), but the maximal rate of glucose disposal remained normal. In patients with Type II diabetes mellitus, the dose-response curve was also shifted to the right, but in addition, there was a marked decrease in the maximal rate of glucose disposal. This pattern was seen both in the 13 nonobese and the 10 obese diabetic subjects. Among these patients, an inverse linear relationship exists (r = -0.72) so that the higher the fasting glucose level, the lower the maximal glucose disposal rate.Basal rates of hepatic glucose output were 74+4, 82±7, 139+24, and 125+16 mg/M2 per min for the control subjects. subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, nonobese Type II diabetic subjects, and obese Type II diabetic subjects, respectively. Higher serum insulin levels were required to suppress hepatic glucose output in the subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and Type II diabetics, compared with controls, but Send reprint requests to Dr. Olefsky,

A B S T R A C T We have studied 17 elderly and 27 nonelderly, nonobese subjects (mean age 69±1 and 37±2 yr, respectively) to assess the mechanisms responsible for the abnormal carbohydrate tolerance associated with aging. Serum glucose and insulin levels were significantly elevated in the elderly subjects compared with the nonelderly subjects during a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, suggesting an insulin resistant state. Peripheral insulin sensitivity was assessed in both groups using the euglycemic glucose clamp technique during an insulin infusion rate of 40

We have studied the effects of 3 wk of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) on endogenous insulin secretion and action in a group of 14 type II diabetic subjects with a mean (+/-SEM) fasting glucose level of 286 +/- 17 mg/dl. Normal basal and postprandial glucose levels were achieved during insulin therapy at the expense of marked peripheral hyperinsulinemia. During the week of posttreatment evaluation, the subjects maintained a mean fasting glucose level of 155 +/- 11 mg/dl off insulin therapy, indicating a persistent improvement in carbohydrate homeostasis. Adipocyte insulin binding and in vivo insulin dose-response curves for glucose disposal using the euglycemic clamp technique were measured before and after therapy to assess the effect on receptor and postreceptor insulin action. Adipocyte insulin binding did not change. The insulin dose-response curve for overall glucose disposal remained right-shifted compared with age-matched controls, but the mean maximal glucose disposal rate increased by 74% from 160 +/- 14 to 278 +/- 18 mg/m2/min (P less than 0.0005). The effect of insulin treatment on basal hepatic glucose output was also assessed; the mean rate was initially elevated at 159 +/- 8 mg/m2/min but fell to 90 +/- 5 mg/m2/min in the posttreatment period (P less than 0.001), a value similar to that in control subjects. Endogenous insulin secretion was assessed in detail and found to be improved after exogenous insulin therapy. Mean 24-h integrated serum insulin and C-peptide concentrations were increased from 21,377 +/- 2766 to 35,584 +/- 4549 microU/ml/min (P less than 0.01) and from 1653 +/- 215 to 2112 +/- 188 pmol/ml/min (P less than 0.05), respectively, despite lower glycemia. Second-phase insulin response to an intravenous (i.v.) glucose challenge was enhanced from 170 +/- 53 to 1022 +/- 376 microU/ml/min (P less than 0.025), although first-phase response remained minimal. Finally, the mean insulin and C-peptide responses to an i.v. glucagon pulse were unchanged in the posttreatment period, but when glucose levels were increased by exogenous glucose infusion to approximate the levels observed before therapy and the glucagon pulse repeated, responses were markedly enhanced. Simple and multivariate correlation analysis showed that only measures of basal hepatic glucose output and the magnitude of the postbinding defect in the untreated state could be related to the respective fasting glucose levels in individual subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Background Increased contact stresses after meniscectomy have led to an increased focus on meniscal preservation strategies to prevent articular cartilage degeneration. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has received attention as a promising strategy to help induce healing and has been shown to do so both in vitro and in vivo. Although PRP has been used in clinical practice for some time, to date, few clinical studies support its use in meniscal repair. Questions/purposes We sought to (1) evaluate whether PRP augmentation at the time of index meniscal repair decreases the likelihood that subsequent meniscectomy will be performed; (2) determine if PRP augmentation in arthroscopic meniscus repair influenced functional outcome measures; and (3) examine whether PRP augmentation altered clinical and patient-reported outcomes. Methods Between 2008 and 2011, three surgeons performed 35 isolated arthroscopic meniscus repairs. Of those, 15 (43%) were augmented with PRP, and 20 (57%) were performed without PRP augmentation. During the study period, PRP was used for patients with meniscus tears in the setting of no ACL reconstruction. Complete followup at a minimum of 2 years (mean, 4 years; range, 2-6 years) was available on 11 (73%) of the PRP-augmented knees and 15 (75%) of the nonaugmented knees. Clinical outcome measures including the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, Tegner Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale, and return to work and sports/activities survey tools were completed in person, over the phone, or through the mail. Range of motion data were collected from electronic patient charts in chart review. With the numbers available, a post hoc power calculation demonstrated that we would have expected to be able to discern a difference using IKDC if we treated 153 patients with PRP and 219 without PRP assuming an alpha rate of 5% and power exceeding 80%. Using the Lysholm score as an outcome measure, post hoc power estimate was 0.523 and effect size was À1.1 (À2.1 to À0.05) requiring 12 patients treated with PRP and 17 without to find statistically significant differences at p = 0.05 and power = 80%. Results There was no difference in the proportion of patients who underwent reoperation in the PRP group (27% [four of 15]) compared with the non-PRP group (25% [five of 20]; p = 0.89). Functional outcome measures were not different between the two groups based on the measures used (mean IKDC score, 69; SD, 26 with PRP and 76; SD, 17 without PRP; p = 0.288; mean, Tegner Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale, 66, SD, 32 with PRP and 89; SD, 10 without PRP; p = 0.065). With the numbers available there was no difference in the proportion of patients who returned to

When possible, direct repair remains the current standard of care for the repair of peripheral nerve lacerations. In large nerve gaps, in which direct repair is not possible, grafting remains the most viable option. Nerve scaffolds include autologous conduits, artificial nonbioabsorbable conduits, and bioabsorbable conduits and are options for repair of digital nerve gaps that are <3 cm in length. Experimental studies suggest that the use of allografts may be an option for repairing larger sensory nerve gaps without associated donor-site morbidity.

Rowley and Berman (2000) are tackling the right questions in their article. Three critical questions, in essence, are asked: What is corporate social performance (CSP)? What does it mean (i.e., CSP measures)? And, where does the future lie with CSP? In answering these questions, they are creating a CSP research agenda for the 21st Century. While agreeing, to a large extent, with their new set of questions, this paper questions their rationale for what is currently wrong with CSP and focuses on extending future research directions. Specifically, this paper suggests that existing research in related disciplines can help accelerate our understanding of CSP. Marketing (i.e., customer-organization relations) and human relations (i.e., employee-organization relations) literatures, for example, already critically examine the conditions under which various organizational practices, policies, and procedures flourish. These boundary spanning functions provide newinsights that can lead to a broader, richer, and more systematic understanding of the complex CSP construct.

Patients who underwent TSA on an outpatient basis were overall younger and healthier than those who had inpatient surgery, which suggests that patient selection was taking place. After controlling for age, gender, and medical conditions, patients who underwent TSA as outpatients had lower rates of 30- and 90-day re-admission and a lower rate of complications than inpatients. Cite this article: 2017;99-B:934-8.