Although recent research has shown that the frontal cortex has a critical role in perceptual decision making, an overarching theory of frontal functional organization for perception has yet to emerge. Perceptual decision making is temporally organized such that it requires the processes of selection, criterion setting, and evaluation. We hypothesized that exploring this temporal structure would reveal a large-scale frontal organization for perception. A causal intervention with transcranial magnetic stimulation revealed clear specialization along the rostrocaudal axis such that the control of successive stages of perceptual decision making was selectively affected by perturbation of successively rostral areas. Simulations with a dynamic model of decision making suggested distinct computational contributions of each region. Finally, the emergent frontal gradient was further corroborated by functional MRI. These causal results provide an organizational principle for the role of frontal cortex in the control of perceptual decision making and suggest specific mechanistic contributions for its different subregions.perception | frontal cortex | hierarchy | TMS | fMRI

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Highlights d Impact of rhythmic TMS on working memory capacity was frequency and site dependent d Frontal theta oscillations play a causal role in prioritizing WM representations d Parietal alpha oscillations play a causal role in suppressing WM representations d Individual differences in task-evoked BOLD signal predicts behavioral impact of TMS

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